Project: Classic181   -  
            Listing for Category : Show all entries
    (Please mouse-over any icon to get a description of that function).


  
Builder Name:Kevin Knutson   -  
Project:   Hatz - Classic   -   VIEW REPORTS
Total Hours:2982
Start/Last Date:Sep 09, 2016 - No Finish Date
Engine:Lycoming O-320
 
Friendly URL: https://eaabuilderslog.org?s=Classic181

Home or Last Project Picture

Apr 27, 2024     Firewall grommet shields - (6.5 hours)       Category: Firewall
While thinking about what to do next and where to mount stuff on the firewall, I realized not everything going through the firewall will have or need some trick fitting. Some stuff can get by with a simple grommet and a stainless steel protective shield over it. (typically wires). I used a few of these shields on my RV build. They're simple and light and do the job on Cessnas and Pipers for decades. Probably good enough for me too.

They're about $12.50 a throw from Acft Spruce (plus shipping), but anybody can do that. I recalled reading an article by Tony Bingelis in an EAA publication about how to make your own shields (for less).

Tony used a socket and a larger piece of steel tubing to telescope the socket into with the stainless sheet pinched between, squashed in a giant bench vise. I did about the same, except I used a pair of big and little sockets squashed in an arbor press. The bigger socket is twelve-point, allowing a slightly larger small socket to fit into it.
I had a bunch of leftover SS scrap from the firewall fabrication, so I cut some generously sized pieces to stamp the shields from.
First step just squishes the smaller socket into the SS sitting on top of a scrap pine 2X4, making a round dent. Next, the dented SS is carefully centered on top of the larger socket and the smaller socket replaced in the dent it formed in step one. Placed in the arbor press, time to squash again. Pressed about an eighth of an inch into the larger socket forms about the size dimple required to cover half a firewall grommet.
It's pretty wrinkled up after step two, but plenty of malletizing with a small ball-peen hammer makes them mostly flat again. Sanded the edges back to get them in more of a pleasing and eye-catching shape before punching out the attach holes and a center hole.
The center holes will be widened as necessary depending what is going through it's respective grommet.
Oh yeah, Tony calls for a small disc of baffle material to be placed under the shield on top of the grommet when it's screwed in place as well as some sealant if the grommet doesn't tightly fit the wires (or whatever) going through it.


 
Apr 18, 2024     Cockpit floor update - (8.0 hours)       Category: Interior Finish
Was monkeying around trying to figure out assembly sequence for the cockpit area prior to covering, so I got the cockpit floors out to see where in the sequence they would need to be installed. Turns out it's pretty early in the scheme of things.

The finish on the floors is pretty nice, so I'd hate to scuff it up too badly and planned to cover them in masking paper prior to install. Got me to thinking about heel scuff plates for the rudder pedal areas. It will be easier to install now than anytime later, so I did.

Forward ones are stainless steel and bonded in place. The rears are screwed down as there is one floor install screw that needs access underneath the rear plates.


 
Apr 13, 2024     Javelins - (9.5 hours)       Category: Wings
Taking a mental break from adjusting aileron travails, decided to move in another direction for awhile. these needed to done anyway.

I had a ready supply of 1-1/2" X 1-1/2" clear straight-grained oak left over from a home remodeling project. I trimmed them down to about 7/8" square on the table saw and went about borrowing my neighbor's wood lathe, and tools.

Having never operated a wood lathe, I spent an evening at YouTube University and watched a lot of video...

Started out slow to kinda get the feel of it, then just kept chipping away at it. Made three oak broomsticks. Tapered the ends of each, probably okay.

Next questions involve: Do I just simply lace them in place? Do I relieve a groove in them at each wire contact point? Install a removable insert for each? TBD

I like the idea of a groove cut in the javelins to positively nest the wires in position and then lace them fixed. I think I have an idea for a jig/sled to hold the round javelins so I can then push them thru the table saw using a dado blade. The crossing wires are not perpendicular to one another nor are the landing wires perpendicular to the javelins, so some angle setups will be necessary to cut these properly.


 
Apr 11, 2024     Aileron setup (cont'd) - (11.5 hours)       Category: Controls
Continuing to fiddle around getting the ailerons to move to the plans limits of 25 degrees up and 20 degrees down.

Between the control arm at the base of the control stick to the aileron control tabs on each wing there are three linkages, an idler and a bellcrank as well as six rod end bearings (for a total of twelve). This doesn't include the fourth set of linkages to the upper ailerons also utilizing a pair of rod-end bearings each.

Given all the aforementioned bespoke components, each of which are connected by a pair of adjustable rod ends, some differences can be expected between the left and right systems due to "building tolerances". So setting both sides to match one another's movements has been an iterative process.
They're pretty close now, and probably good enough. To reach the full 25/20 degree throws shown on the plans, requires a full 30 degree throw of the control stick to each side to achieve same.

I don't think that much control stick throw is going to be available once everything is connected up. The aft end of the control torque tube at the base of the stick connects to the elevator pushrod assembly via a rod-end bearing. There is a total of two such bearings until reaching the elevator idler. Each of those rod ends would need to allow 15 degrees of rotational travel to reach the above limits. I'm thinking these rod ends will bind up at less travel than that and so will have to check that out with further assembly. Wherever the travel limits are, I'll need to set the aileron stops in the cockpit accordingly so things don't get bent.

Edit 4/19/24: Turns out the Aurora bearing co. publishes a 13.0 degree divergence angle for their bearings. In a perfect world that would give me a 26 degree control stick swing each direction prior to reaching a binding point on the elevator pushrods.


 
Mar 19, 2024     Wing rack - (8.5 hours)       Category: Tools
Had to rework the old wing rack. Previous version had a pair of padded arms that I hung the wings on, hanging by their respective upper or lower spars on the padded arms. Once I cover the wings in fabric, that option won't be available.

Moved the old center structure over to one side and added padded arms to accept four panels horizontally placed on them. Also added a pair of short arms to the bottom of the back side to hold the center section in a pair of carpet straps similar to the originally designed wing rack.

This thing started out as the old classic Tony Bingelis' wing rack utilizing a pair of straps to hold a wing on either side.


 
Mar 15, 2024     Center section drain fairings-- Revisited       Category: Fuselage
So this has been another "educational" moment for me. As a review, the first four pictures below outline the fabrication process for the fiberglass fairings to fit the fuel drains under the center section, done in Feb and Mar 2022.
A few days ago while searching the loft for something else I had squirreled away, I blundered across these fairings I had stuffed up there last year. Nope. It was two years ago! Anyway, they're all warped now!? WTF? They are proper fiberglass/epoxy layups and not supposed to act this way, as far as I know.

Pretty sure the culprit is the high-build primer I had sprayed on them to fill the fabric finish on the outside of the layups. It was a two-part, catalyzed PPG primer, so I figured it was going to be pretty stable. Guess I should have read the fine print, or the FULL instructions.
Everything was fine spraying and wet-sanding them out, but over time, the primer layer must have shrunk some as some polyester layups will. The fiberglass was thin enough and the primer thick enough, that the one overpowered the other.

Anyway, what to do about it? A simple fix would be to blob a bed of flox around the inside of the flanges, then press them onto a flat release surface... and wait.
Following their release, wait again for nice enough weather (non-life threatening) to take them outside and grind off all the unwanted bumps and lumps. (very, very dusty).
Losing my enthusiasms for making chemistry play nice with others, I instead made a shout-out to my son to see if he may be interested in a 3-D printing project.
I sent him some basic dimensions, and he launched back the two "Fairing" images below in about an hour. Pretty much exactly what I'm looking for. Since it apparently wasn't much of a challenge for him, I suggested he work up a teardrop shaped set... No, these are fine. Really. He said something about PLA, carbon fiber mix should paint well.... k?
I told him I wasn't in any hurry and could pick them up the next time we meet up. He's in the UK, so I should update this when we get back from his house in Sept.

The beautiful red Hatz pictures below show these in situ under the center section fuel tank. Pictures are of John Hanson's Hatz Classic.


 
Mar 05, 2024     Aileron setup - (12.5 hours)       Category: Controls
I've been busy completing the connections for the ailerons setup. The project to this point has been mostly a part-task, bit at a time affair. Now, the disparate components are coming together for the first time looking a little more like the finished product. This leads to the next challenges. While the wings are on and generally rigged in position, time to finish the aileron connections and get them working properly.

Interference problems tend to pop up unexpectedly. So far, just a bit of sanding and filing which will require some touch-up paint and varnish once disassembled again. Each one takes time to resolve and make sure I'm not creating more problems. The most concerning interference problems haven't developed - yet anyway.

I was concerned the aileron pushrods crossing the lower longerons may bump at the neutral (centered) stick position. Was prepared to splice in smaller diameter tube to the pushrods, but unnecessary. I think the 2.5 dihedral on the lower wings caused the miss.
The same pushrods cross under the #1 inboard compression tube under the wingwalks as well. At a full 30 degree control stick roll input, the math looked as if they would collide as well. So far, it's a clean miss. Still making measurements, but I think I'm reaching other travel limits before getting to 30 degrees of stick input.
Have been monkeying around trying to adjust aileron travel and differential. There's no information on this in the plans, so it's been a bit of trial and error to see what the next thing does.


 
Feb 14, 2024     Groundhog day - Part Duh! - (15.5 hours)       Category: Rigging
Okay, finished up the remake of the ten flying and landing wire attach tabs that I screwed up on the first go-round. Once the new parts were cut out, fabrication involved the welding, heating forming, drilling, reaming and powdercoating. Once complete, I installed same, replacing the aforementioned problematic tabs.

The first pic below shows the lower left wing landing wires attach tab in position. On the black pad are the first tabs that I drilled the holes too close together resulting in the terminal ends interfering with one another. D'Oh!

The middle pic shows the new rear flying wire tab installation. All four were remade, the first ones were too short by 1/4", pictured beside it on the black pad.

The third pic below shows the forward flying wire attach tab. All four of these were too short and remade about 3/8" longer each. An original is pictured beside it on the black pad.


 
Feb 02, 2024     Groundhog Day - (22.5 hours)       Category: Rigging
So it is Groundhog day today, but it's felt like it all week. Got the Forward flying wires attach tabs re-made to a longer dimension. After a careful re-measuring, I discovered the aft flying wires (all four) were long enough, but only about one and a half threads were past the witness holes in the terminals. Not comfortably enough to allow any future adjustments. Better to build longer attach tabs for these too.

Lastly, the lower landing wire attach tabs on each side where both wires attach are the proper length, but I drilled the holes too close together. The end terminals interfere with one another. I contemplated welding them shut and then re-drilling. Abandoned that idea since I wasn't confident it would be as strong as a re-made new one. Are you keeping count? Yeah, it comes to re-making another ten attach tabs. The parts are pictured below in the first picture, less the bushing stock which I needed to order more of.

The second picture below shows the terminal ends coming up a bit short. The top one is the forward flying wire, the check nut is located where it was against the terminal when installed. The witness holes in the terminals are also visible just beyond the threaded ends of the rods. The lower wire is an aft flying wire, where the threads made it to the witness holes, but only just.
The powdercoated tabs pictured also displays my sloppy drilling on the right one. Thought I'd just drill it full size (5/16") in one step, but it wandered off before I noticed it was happening. Had I drilled a smaller pilot hole first, likely wouldn't have had the problem.

I've got four more tabs to go in the welding process. After that,. Drilling, fitting, reaming and powdercoating to go to finish things up and get back to where I was.


 
Jan 20, 2024     Forward flying wire issues - (1.5 hours) Category: Rigging
It's been miserably cold and windy around here the last week or so and not so fun to go warm up the hangar as it takes forever.
Did however remove the forward flying wires which are coming up a bit short. Yup, I need to make new attach tabs a bit longer. The threads were just short of the witness holes in the end terminals. Comparing the bolt-to-bolt dimensions of the tab attach bolts to the pin-to-pin dimensions of the forward flying wires (103.75" vs. 100.5") leaves a difference of 3.25". Divided in half for each end means each tab should require 1.625" or 1-5/8" from the C/L of the attach bolt to the C/L of the terminal attach pin hole. Further working that out, the center insert tab needs to be 1-15/16" long and the outer wrapper length is calculated from Murray's analysis (2 X Tab length + 1.33" to wrap around a 7/16" tube) comes out to be just a smidge over 5.2".
So, I'll re-make the attach tabs to the new lengths, but I don't think they'll be noticeably longer to the eye. Unless compared side by side with the originals.
These should result in a pin-to-pin dimension of the installed wire at 100.5" which leaves plenty of length for adjustments in either direction.
 
Jan 13, 2024     Rigging study - (9.5 hours) Category: Research
Spent some time looking into the how-to's of rigging a biplane. Ron Lynn from the Hatz Biplane Assn. wrote about two of these in the newsletter, so I managed to find and read them.

The most recent publication was a two-part series of articles published in Sport Aviation in Feb & Mar 1963 by Bob Whittier: "The Fine old art of rigging a biplane". Quite helpful, condensed the process to the basics, suitable to address a range of designs.

Next publication was recommended by Chris Bobka A&P, IA. It was the PT-17 (Stearman) Repair Manual (AN01-170AC-3) ca. 1945. The section on rigging was very informative, though specific to the Stearman of course. Even though it's similar to the Hatz, some of the wires and struts are set up a little different, so much of the specifics addressed had to be looked at in the larger sense to develop the overall concept and how to get there.
Notably, there were several tips and techniques mentioned that I hadn't seen elsewhere and should be very helpful going forward. Particularly, the streamline wire tightening tool looks like the best design I've seen so far.

The first manual I read I think was the most informative (maybe because I read it first) was titled "Aircraft Maintenance" by Daniel Brimm & H. Edward Boggess, ca. 1940. The chapter on rigging was very clear and concise. Detailed enough to accomplish the task, yet still present a wide enough view of the process that the reader could employ the information on any biplane or monoplane so rigged.
The book was written for aircraft mechanics in the field at the time, not a school textbook and so approaches the topics in the pragmatic manner required of someone needing t do this, not some theoretical abstract. A very good resource.
 
Jan 11, 2024     Hanging the Flying/Landing wires - (2.5 hours) Category: Rigging
Installed all the wire attach "rolls" today in preparation for rigging all of the Landing and Flying wires. Installed the Landing "Tie-Rods" and tightened them until the weight came off the support horses. Kicked out the lower wing support horses and everything stayed put! (good) The landing tie-rods are not yet tensioned completely. It will ultimately require the Flying wires in place to get both sets properly up to tension against one another.

Using the construction laser mounted to the hangar door to ensure wing stations at the interplane strut mounts remain level at the established dihedral. So far, so good.

Installed the Flying tie-rods last, loosely tensioned in place. Somehow, the larger, forward flying wire on both sides is coming up a bit short. Pin-to-pin dimensions on the plans call for 100.5", but measuring them installed the pin-to pin dimension is 101.25". The 3/4" difference is enough that I can slip a wire into the witness holes on the terminals... which means no-go. (bad) All the rest of the wires fit so far and their witness holes are covered by threads (good). I don't anticipate loosening any during the tensioning up process and so don't anticipate developing any more wire fitment issues going forward. (also good)

Next build session I'll get the forward flying wires on the bench to do some careful dimensioning and develop a fix. I had a similar issue with the roll wires for the center section. Although installed I couldn't fit a wire into the witness holes, they were at the very last thread at the hole. That's a pass, but it wouldn't allow any adjustment from that initial-install position as one of the wires would then come up short. Wound up making longer attach tabs, solved the issue.

I'll know for sure when I sort out the dimensioning on these wires, but the fix is likely to be the same as the center section: make up a new set of attach tabs that are a little longer. Sometimes you have to back up to go forward.
 
Jan 07, 2024     Finished up the Landing/Flying wire attach tas - (24.5 hours)       Category: Rigging
Got all the remaining Flying wire attach tabs fabricated, drilled, reamed and powdercoated. Now ready to fit them to the airframe and rig the wires.

In the process, I was informed Waco called these attach tabs "Rolls". Noted.


 
Dec 29, 2023     Landing Wire Attach Tabs - (16.0 hours) Category: Rigging
Finished up the fabrication and fitting of the landing wire attach tabs today. They will need to be blued and powdercoated, but will get that done as a batch with some other stuff later.
Surprisingly, the plans dimensions worked with these, allowing the wire pin-to-pin dimensions to fit within 1/4" or less.

Edit 12/30/23: I was a little over generous about the plans dimensions working out. Another Hatz builder, Murray Marien had discovered quite some time ago that the wrapper lengths on some of these tabs were too short. They needed to be lengthened some to wrap around their bushings to meet properly at their ends to be edge-welded.

This is the kind of insidious errors in the plans that can lead to frustrations if you've cut all the steel bits, welded and tacked them together only to discover after bending them in place they're too short! At that point it's time to start all over again. Sheesh!
I don't know how he discovered it, (maybe analytically - he does a lot of that) but I know I would have just blundered into it flat-footed if he hadn't noted it.

When I read his build log months ago, I noted it on the plans and drew the templates to accommodate. Later, when I began these tabs, I blithely picked up my (adjusted) tab templates that had been sitting around for months and went to work, having forgotten all about Murray's insightful corrections.
Thanks Murray!

Next up, the flying wire attach tabs are ready to start forming and welding. See pictures from previous below.
 
Dec 22, 2023     Bobka's Bungee Stretcher - (6.0 hours)       Category: Tools
My source for interesting tools and advice, Chris Bobka, has been fixing up an early '40's Taylorcraft. Pretty good paint and fabric, considering, but the engine was real tired so he rebuilt it. Much of the rest of the mechanicals needed addressing as well. This included the landing gear bungees.

Accordingly, he needed a tool to stretch the bungee loops into place in the structure. He knew what it should look like in his head, but I never saw a drawing. Instead, he just showed up one afternoon with a collection of cut up, loose parts and asked me to stick them together for him. When I finished what he asked, he disappeared out the door with the welded bits. A few days later he would reappear with some more welding to do on this thing. I think it was three or four welding sessions until we got to the point you see below. He needed the time between welding sessions to take it to his machinist friend to work it on the mill or lathe or something.

Anyway, the thing is purpose built for the T-craft structure. The pin at the end of the threaded rod fits into a dedicated welded hole in the landing gear truss and when cranked, draws the looped bungees up into position on the rounded "feet" of the tool. Once in position, the bungees are then simply slid onto the attach arms in the structure. This tool makes a simple job out of a what could otherwise be a potentially difficult and dangerous task.


 
Dec 06, 2023     Wire Attach Tabs - (3.0 hours)       Category: Rigging
Got the rest of the tab inserts cut out out today, then proceeded to sand and grind the edges smooth and to final dimensions.
Results are pictured below.

Spent a couple of hours outdoors (should have dressed better) grinding and sanding everything smooth so as not to blow all the sanding grit around the hangar. Think I got borderline hypothermic standing in front of the sander for too long, spent the rest of the day trying to warm back up. After finishing up, came in and left early.

Next up, should be welding up these bits. I've demo'd that process before doing the roll wire tabs holding up the center section. (See Roll Wire Attach Tabs, in "Rigging" 7/10 2022)


 
Dec 05, 2023     Wire Attach Tab Inserts - (3.5 hours) Category: Rigging
Spent this afternoon cutting the thicker insert tabs from .063" stock. They're rough-cut so far and need some more smoothing out before they're ready to start assembling. Minor delay: Bandsaw blade in the metal-cutting bandsaw gave it all... had to replace it before I had to leave this afternoon. Just a bit more cleanup on these parts with the new blade will be necessary tomorrow.
Once cleaned up it'll be time to prep for welding these bits up. More tacking and heat-forming. (Read: Blacksmithing)
 
Dec 02, 2023     Flying/Landing wire attach tabs - (3.0 hours)       Category: Rigging
Saturday. Started in on the landing wire attach tabs today. I had glued tracings of the tab templates to scrap posterboard (old soda can boxes), and so cut those out and transferred same to the .050" 4130 sheet. After I shooed all the visitors out of the hangar, I spent the afternoon cutting said parts on the metal cutting bandsaw. Kind of a brain-dead monotony takes over, but I'll have to go back and check my work. Because, per the plans, there are at last count fourteen (14) tabs required in all. I think I counted having cut out thirteen pieces (each forming a tab) when I ran out of the first sheet of steel I had. I then proceeded to layout the last three required pieces on the next steel sheet I had at the ready. Wait, that makes 16?

Update: I mis-counted before I left for the day. I have the correct parts count. But more to go.

The above pieces will form the "wrapper" portions of the tabs, next I will need cut the thicker inner core parts of each tab from .063" 4130. These bits get welded to bushing stock and then sandwiched between both ends of the "wrapper" parts followed by edge welding them together.


 
Dec 01, 2023     Starting the flying/landing wire setup process - (2.5 hours) Category: Rigging
Began the process of hanging and rigging the flying and landing wires.
I've had the wings trussed up and braced in order to build the interplane struts explained in the "Wings" category entries. Since those struts are now complete, it's time to start rigging the wires. The first step in that process is to produce the attach tabs into which the terminal ends of the wires pin. Those tabs are in turn, bolted to the wing structure at the strut attach plates and elsewhere on the fuselage, centersection and wing roots.

The plans include full-scale templates for these tabs which is not necessarily the way to bet, although I haven't heard widespread reports of trouble with them.
Trusting, I made copied cardboard templates of same, but verifying before I do any cutting on steel.

To verify, I measured the pin to pin dimensions of the opposing bolts locations for these attach tabs for each wire in the assembly as built. Next, I compared that with each associated wire pin-to-pin dimension. The difference between those dimensions was divided between the opposite attach points and that resulting figure was compared to the plans dimension for each respective attach tab.

After measuring all of the aforementioned, it turns out the plans dimensions for the tabs should work out ok. I had purchased the wires through Steen in the dimensions noted in the plans, but there's no guarantee the as-built dimensions will work out. Hopefully, I'll avoid any rude surprises having checked.
 
Nov 29, 2023     Groundhog day for the interplane struts - (30.7 hours)       Category: Wings
So, it's been a bit like Groundhog Day fitting and welding up the interplane strut end fittings. The left side is done and one more end to go on the right side to finish up this step.

Edit 12/2/23: The interplane struts are done but for the powdercoating and painting. The total construction time came in at 99.7 hours.

Next up, it'll be time to lay out the flying/landing wires and compare their lengths to the pin-to-pin distances on the as-built airframe. If all's well, then cutting, forming and welding the attach tabs for said wires will commence. I think hanging the landing wires will be first so the structure can support itself.

The wings are trussed up on sawhorses and bespoke trusses, but enough people traipse through the hangar and I'm moving enough stuff around on a daily basis that a serious bump into the structure is more than likely if given enough time. So I'm anxious to get through enough process that it's self-supporting before I have to re-level and square everything up again because I've knocked something into it.

Update: Finished up the right interplane struts 12/1/23. Next up are the flying and landing wire attach tabs. I'll categorize those entries under "Rigging".


 
Nov 22, 2023     Finishing up the forward interplane strut - (6.0 hours)       Category: Wings
So, counting today, I have about 20 hours fabbing up this forward interplane strut. It's all but ready to install, I just need to screw in the adjustable terminal end and bolt or pin it in place on the wing.

To begin this end, I located the cut by pinning the upper end in place then measuring from the center strut attach tab bolt hole up this strut 1-7/16".
Once cut, it was a matter of slotting and tapering the tube end to accept the winged, threaded insert. After it was inserted, I tacked it and began heat-forming the cut tube end around the end of the threaded insert. Final steps were to trim the excess wing material, then finish weld the end of the strut.

The remainder of the fore and aft interplane struts will be fabricated in the same manner. If experience is any guide, it's probably going to take as much time to do each of them as this one did. I'll update that when I get them done.


 
Nov 21, 2023     Forward interplane strut end - (6.0 hours)       Category: Wings
Finished up the upper strut fitting for the forward interplane strut today. The pictures from the 11/20 entry and below tell the story in sequence.

Began by pinning the welded bushing and insert plate to the wing spar fitting. The slotted and cut end of the tube was then shoved onto the pinned assembly while the lower end of the tube was located on the center strut bottom tab. Once positioned and clamped, I tacked the tube to the insert plate assy, then removed the strut and plate to the bench.
From there, it was a matter of tacking some more, trimming, heat forming and welding through the remainder of the process.


 
Nov 20, 2023     Forward Interplane struts - (8.0 hours)       Category: Wings
Finished the last of the center strut fabrication. Started the forward struts.

I began with the upper ends which requires fitting a bushing into the end of the streamline tube followed by a wrapper strap heated and formed around the bushing end and welded down to the tube.

Small design change here. Instead of just welding the bushing into the end of the streamline tube, I first welded it to an .063" thick plate. This plate is slotted into the end of the tube and will weld in place along the leading and trailing edges of the tube in addition to the end edges of the tube onto the bushing.

This construction feature isn't shown on the plans, but it's not an original idea of mine either (like I've ever had one). This is how the Acrosport cabane ends are assembled; Shown in the book "The Techniques of Aircraft Building" which I think was originally titled "How to build the Acrosport" or something like that.

Anyway, It appears to me to produce a tougher joint with the addition of this shear plate into the center of the tube end, welding the bushing along three edges instead of two, in addition to the wrapper strap over the top.

First steps include making a paper template for the insert which will fit the wing fitting, transferring cut lines to the tube end and cutting plate to match.
Once the bushing is cut and welded to the insert plate, it can be fitted to the tube end. Once fitted, it is tacked in place prior to final forming and welding.

Finally, the leading and trailing edges of the tube will be formed and welded and the wrapper strap will formed around then welded down to the tube.

Periodically, during the welding process the strut will be test-fitted to the wing to make any adjustments necessary if things have moved while getting welded up.


 
Nov 12, 2023     Welding table - (5.0 hours)       Category: Tools
Sadly, this is the top of my 2ft X 2ft welding table. It looks like it should belong in an episode of "Hoarders"

Random bits of steel and aluminum detritus and an assortment of clamps have accumulated on this thing, but I find them oddly useful time and again.

Depending on the next weirdo thing that needs welding here, it generally needs to be clamped down. That's where all this "stuff" comes in handy. Sometimes it needs to be blocked up, sometimes the far end needs blocking or some combination of clamps and cutoff bits from the table to hold things in place. It just depends and I don't know from one time to the next which piece(s) or clamps will work in the next application.

So... crap just seems to accumulate, use some of it to clamp the next piece, sweep the rest aside, stick the part together. Repeat as necessary.

I'd take the time to clean this up, but then I'd have to take the time. I've got other stuff to do. Besides, which stuff goes and which stuff stays?
I think the answer is going to have to be: When I finish this project, sweep the whole mess into the trash can. But until then...


 
Nov 12, 2023     Interplane center struts - (18.5 hours)       Category: Wings
Finished up the last of the forming and welding on the interplane center struts today. The welding is complete, but still work to be done to finish the right strut. Drilling the attach tabs for the fore and aft struts as well as drilling/reaming the 1/4" bushings on the strut ends to again fit the wing attach plates. Welding around these bushings produces just enough distortion that the attach bolts wont fit unless re-reamed.
Small holes located near the bottom of each strut visible in most of the photos below are pressure relief holes to allow expanding air inside to vent wile welding. Since these are closed-end tubes, it's necessary to prevent blowing out the last weld as I close up the tube.
Once complete and cooled a bit, I'll tack those closed last.


 
Oct 23, 2023     Interplane center strut wrappers - (7.5 hours)       Category: Wings
Got all the wrapper straps cut out for the interplane strut ends. 0.050" stock. There are also insert tabs that are sandwiched between the ends of the wrapper straps. These .063" thick insert tabs are welded to the tube first, the wrapper straps are then tacked, formed around the ends of the tube and then welded in place. Once complete, these welded sandwich tabs are drilled to accept a forked terminal end on each of the fore and aft struts which bolt to it when finished. When the sandwich is complete, the forked terminal end just fits over the stacked pieces and is bolted in place. After powdercoating, they won't. Will have to either mask or remove prior to install.

First step is to tack, then weld the .063" insert to the tube in the proper final location of the attach tab for the respective strut. Once in place, the wrapper can then be attached and welded in place.

Began install of the wrapper straps with the bottom left. First bending the strap 180 around a 3/8" bolt then tacking to the very end of the strut. Next, heat-forming and hammering/shaping the strap to tack an inch at a time going up the strut.

Couldn't figure out how to work the ends up the strut to meet at the end of the already welded in place insert tab, when, Lo !
It finally dawned on me (I take my epiphanies when and where I can get them) that the way to get the wrapper ends to meet one another at the end of the already installed tab insert, is to heat/bend them there to begin with and tack them together. Once tacked, the rest of the wrapper can be heated and formed to the tube and tacked down. Finish welding to follow.


 
Oct 15, 2023     Right interplane strut - (5.0 hours)       Category: Wings
Got the right interplane strut tacked up in position on the wing, then finish-welded on the bench and reinstalled on the wing. Still needs the wrapper straps installed, but is complete and still fits to that point.


 
Oct 13, 2023     Interplane strut ends - (8.0 hours) Category: Wings
Continued the blacksmithing work required to fab the interplane strut ends. The left center strut fits well but still needs the "wrapper" straps welded on either end. The right center strut is fitted in place but needs tack welding in place prior to finish welding.

I figured this step would go better if I did another "parallel" fabrication process back and forth between both sides.

Finish welding the ends to the right strut is the next step followed by the wrapper straps to both ends of both struts, which should complete the center strut welding process.

Once both center struts are complete, work will begin on each of the forward and aft struts required for each interplane strut.
 
Oct 09, 2023     First Interplane strut end - (4.0 hours)       Category: Wings
Working through fabbing the first center strut end today. Mostly trying to figure out how to trim the streamline tube without wrecking it, as I only have just enough to build one set of these Interplane struts.

Mostly blacksmithing work to heat, hammer and tack weld these parts into place a bit at a time. The first end bushing is welded to a shear plate at an 88 degree angle per the plans (which checks out) and is then inserted into the slit tube. After tacking into position, checked the fit on the wing before welding into place.

Initial welding stuck the ends of the tube to the bushing, followed by stitching the shear plate to the slit in the tube.

After completing both ends of the center strut, I'll add the "wrapper" strap which wraps over each end of this tube, up both sides then meets to form an attach "ear" to which the other struts will attach.


 
Oct 07, 2023     Beginning the left interplane strut - (6.0 hours)       Category: Wings
Spent some time laying out the 88 degree angle for the bottom attach lug on the center strut. Heated and straightened the center tube which had approx 1/8" fore-aft wow in it centered about mid-span.
Trimmed the lower center streamline tube to about 1" wide at the end. Prepped and welded the lower bushing to an .063" insert plate.
Welded shear tabs to each side of four threaded inserts, one of which will weld into the end of each fore and aft struts.


 
Oct 06, 2023     Finishing up squaring up - (3.5 hours)       Category: Wings
Spent some time ensuring the incidence of each panel is set. Followed up with the water level on the lower wings first, followed by the upper wings


 
Oct 05, 2023     Squaring things up - (2.5 hours) Category: Wings
Spent a couple hours measuring and monkeying around with plumb bobs. First determination: The wings are all parallel as they sit now.

Also measured from the tailpost to the outermost trammel point on each wing panel. After comparing all the dimensions, the wings are square to the fuselage centerline within less than 1/4".

I've measured the dihedral of each wing panel with a digital level and they're pretty close to where they need to be.
The upper wing panels are specified as a 1.5 degree dihedral angle. The lower wings are not specified in the plans, but by measuring from the three-view cover drawing they appear to have a greater dihedral than the top and measure at approximately 2.5 degrees. I've set them at 2.5 degrees.

Got drawn away/distracted. Hangar neighbor needed a welding job done on his replacement landing gear and axles. Way more interesting than plumb bobs, tape measures and levels. Plus, I need the practice once in awhile anyway.

Next up, I'll recheck the side to side level of the fuselage and center section, then put a water level to the wings, ensuring I've got equal dihedral on each side both upper and lower.
Also the angle of incidence needs to be rechecked now that the wings are attached. If there's much variation in incidence along any wing panel, I may need to re-trammel any offending panels.
 
Oct 04, 2023     Interplane struts - (3.5 hours)       Category: Wings
Finished up today checking that everything was leveled up prior to hanging the wings on the fuselage, when my hangar neighbor Dan showed up. He wanted to know if I was ready to hang them today. Why not? An hour or so later we had them stood up. I think he was pretty excited to see it take shape.

Next up, I'll make sure they're right where they need to be in terms of incidence and dihedral. Also, this is the first time both sets of wings have been assembled together with the fuselage. Initial look-see, they look pretty close, but I'll get the plumb bobs on them next to make sure there's no sweep and they're properly parallel.

Once satisfied, fabrication will begin on the interplane struts. An additional punch list to address while the wings are in place will include the flying/landing wires attach tabs, jury struts and aileron push tubes and probably something else I haven't thought of.

Of note: some of the temporary bolts pinning the wings to the fuselage were pretty stiff to push into place. Once the wings are covered, I'll be working through itty bitty access holes to put them in place and this won't get any easier. I may need to file or ream some of these before going beyond this step.


 
Sep 27, 2023     Interplane struts construction begin - (9.0 hours)       Category: Wings
Now that the ailerons are done, it's time to hang the wings and fab the interplane struts between them.
First step is to build the jigs to hold the wings in position so that these struts can be fitted between them, tacked in place and then finally welded up.
A pair of sawhorse-type braces will hold the lower wings in position while the upper wings will use an A-frame. It's flat and level on top and wide enough at the lower half to fit over the lower wings.
Had initially planned to only build one A-frame to hold one upper wing at a time for this step. Thought better of it when I realized I haven't had the entire works assembled together before this and there may be some interference issues or other alignment problems to overcome. Having it all assembled at once should reveal any of Mr. Murphy's handiwork.
A smart guy would have probably taken the gear off the plane and jigged things a little closer to the floor. We'll see how this goes, I may have to backtrack some if I can't reach to tack weld the components in place on the wing.
The A-frames are visible on the floor in the first picture. Once I got the "feet" fitted they will stand on their own.


 
Sep 23, 2023     Completing the upper ailerons - (26.5 hours)       Category: Controls
So the upper ailerons are completely fabricated, all done, fini, in-the-can and Bob's yur uncle.

The "parallel" construction process I used to sort of Ping-Pong between one and the other sort of worked out, reducing the time required to complete them. The first two ailerons I completed individually took about 50 hours apiece to finish, and I stumbled a bit trying to recall how I had done portions of the first in completing the second. Hopping back and forth between each of the second pair of upper ailerons helped reduce tooling setup time and confusion about what to do next and how. Some caution had to be taken to avoid repeating my mistakes exactly, so slow and deliberate also helped produce consistent, flat panels.
These second pair took, by my estimates about 66 hours to complete. So some economy of time improved with this technique.

These time estimates represent only the "direct" aileron fabrication times... that is, once all the components are in hand. Much more time was involved in fabricating each of the individual components required in the aileron assembly. These included things such as developing Form blocks to form the proper shape and size ribs, cutting sheet metal for those same ribs then forming them. Also cutting out the spars and trailing edge pieces both straight and curved and finally, locating and using a shear and brake large enough to accommodate their size. The tapered hardwood inserts called for in the plans also required time in the wood shop. All of this time to fabricate these components from raw stock is not included in the above estimates and yet represents a significant portion of the overall time invested in the finished product.

I have to say again, I purchased the corrugated skins I used, further reducing the time required significantly. There are several builders I know of and likely many others that have produced their own corrugated skins to plans from raw sheet metal stock. They are to be commended. Each I am aware of required building multiple iterations of presses or components thereof, all of which are bespoke, individual adaptations to achieve these skins. Even then, lots of sheet metal wound up in the scrap pile as each iteration needed fine tuning. I would have been a frustrated mess, even more than usual, trying to do the same. Heck, even after I had the produced corrugated stock in hand, I couldn't figure out how to cut it or how the stuff squirms around accordion-like when you're trying to work it into shape. It took ---days--- waiting for inspiration to strike, before I blundered upon even getting a straight edge on this stuff. Oh, it already had a straight edge. D'oh!

That being said, there's still some work to be done, I only have T-nuts inserted in one wing so far and have yet to resolve any potential interference issues installing these panels to the wings. I'm thinking a short work session will see the left one mounted to the wing and T-nuts installed in the right wing.

As an aside, I think I'm better able to estimate the time required to complete a given task after this aileron experience: Make an initial estimate, then multiply that times two and add another ten percent. Failing that, chalk it up to gaining experience and education, knowing the next attempt might save some small percentage of time, effort or frustration.


 
Sep 17, 2023     Upper Ailerons work continues - (6.5 hours)       Category: Controls
Yeah, so figured out how to get the beads to match along the trailing edge. The spacing was just barely narrower on the lower skin than top one. So, although they matched at one end of the surface, they gradually diverged so they were way off at the other end of the aileron. Pretty sure Mr. Brown who stamped these skins out used the same jigging or process to produce all these skins, so how could they come out different? Well, they got shipped rolled in a box and some were wrapped just slightly tighter than others so they would nest together. This bottom skin was pretty springy, needing to be bagged down to work on it. I just un-wrapped it rolling it opposite the pre-existing curl. The more I did the un-wrapping the closer the bead spacing got to one another until they matched the full length of the aileron. Problem solved. Too bad I got smarter about this stuff on the last aileron.

Got both ailerons completely drilled and both are ready to fit and install the steel tabs for the jury struts, disassemble, deburr and crimp the bead ends. That should do it prior to riveting.
Following riveting, fitting the hinge halves to the wing aileron spars and installing T-nuts into same should complete the installs.


 
Sep 15, 2023     More upper aileron work - (16.0 hours) Category: Controls
Continued to fabricate both upper ailerons in parallel with one another. Upper left is completely drilled, but haven't fitted the jury strut attach tab. That and crimping the bead ends and the usual deburring is all that remains prior to riveting that one together.

Work on the upper right one is to the point of match-drilling the bottom skin along the straight portion of the trailing edge. To begin attaching the oversized bottom skin, it's clamped between two lengths of square steel tube to keep the surface flat prior to match-drilling.
The beads don't quite line up... I'm thinking of ways to "stretch" the bottom skin so the beads will better line up with the top. Dunno if clamping and pulling on it will help stretch it into position, or maybe pressing on the beads where they begin to diverge to help lengthen the skin enough to better line up the bead intervals. TBD.
 
Sep 10, 2023     Upper Aileron work - (10.5 hours)       Category: Controls
Continued to construct both upper ailerons in parallel with one another. Fabricate and drill one, then repeat the steps on the other aileron. This minimizes tool setup and take down time. As a plus, It's easier for my geezer-brain to recall the process I used for the previous one since I just did it. Duh!


 
Sep 08, 2023     The Aileron Fabrication Process - (10.0 hours) Category: Research
The corrugated aluminum aileron construction process appears at first pretty straightforward to someone familiar with sheet metal construction. I thought I was but subsequently schooled on some of the nuances unique to this type of build. Others have come to grief building multiple twisted and unusable sets along with all the usual possible missteps involved trying to build a left and right and an upper and lower of anything. This is one way to do it.

I attempted to enumerate each step I followed in producing a flat aileron, but it wound up being two and a half pages of single-spaced text. Even then, as a comprehensive list didn't include many cleanup or turnover steps necessary.
I thought instead I would include here sort of the framework of the fabrication process followed by the assembly framework. Both are separate and distinct processes. (And it will be a lot shorter to read, hopefully making more sense instead of getting caught up in the nuances)

The first of a couple concepts is a corrugated 0.025" sheet of aluminum laying flat on the bench in front of you no longer acts like a flat sheet of aluminum. It's best considered an accordian. The edges will flex around, accordian like unless captured and attached to something that won't. Hence, the need for insert strips along the trailing edges. If the top and bottom skins are attached to the spar but not attached at the trailing edge, you can slide the two trailing edges past one another inducing enormous amounts of twist into the panel. This should be noted when it comes time to drill and attach the trailing edges.
A useful aspect is the top of the aileron is flat. As much drilling and riveting as possible should be accomplished with the top on a flat surface (inverted).

The drilling process follows a slightly different process from riveting due to access limitations to buck/drive the rivets.
I began by fabricating the spar and ribs with the trailing edge pieces set aside for later. Next, I cut the topskin to final size using the template and measurements taken from the respective wing. Since the top is flat, drilling the spar to it while it is inverted on the bench begins the skinning process. After the spar is drilled, drill the trailing edges and inserts, clecoing them to the jig board. After disassembly, backdrill the hinge half to the upper spar flange holes. Mark the hinge for trimming at the outboard end as hinge eyes will not extend the full length of the aileron.

A note about the trailing edge inserts: It's a lot of busy work to produce the elements for the trailing edge insert pieces. There's a curved piece separate from the straight piece which has an angle bent into it and a tapered "hardwood" piece that nests into the bent angle. None of which has thickness dimensions, only the angle dimensions are specified... There is I believe a better way. Vans Aircraft uses a trailing edge wedge in many of their designs control surface trailing edges. It's called "AEX Wedge" and comes in three different lengths that I could find: 20, 51 and 82.5 inches. I discovered this a little too late to backtrack, but if I were to do it again I would seriously consider this stuff to simplify the trailing edge process.

The bottom skin is smaller, but is purposely cut a bit oversize and laid over the inverted panel. The raised beads in the panels need to align with one another, so sliding them to and fro until a satisfactory alignment is achieved, then driling and clecoing them together on the straight portion of the trailing edge only. But since you can't see thru the oversize bottom skin, that step needs to be done with the panel flopped over on the jig or otherwise clamped flat with the topskin (final size) accessible for back drilling to the bottom.

Full disclosure: I bought a set of corrugated aileron skins from Mr. Tom Brown in Wisconsin, just to cut my losses early instead of trying to stamp out the skins on my own... because I know me. They were worth the money. Very nicely, uniformly stamped and in great condition. All the beaded ends along the trailing edges mostly matched until I got to the last aileron. The two skins on that last one would not line up, they were uniform but just enough different spacing that they were going to look awful along the trailing edges where the beaded ends meet. These skins were uniformly stamped, but got rolled and stuffed in a box to get shipped. The inner skins in the roll got rolled a little tighter than the outer ones and sort of took a set. The bottom skin that looked to need a bit of stretching also really had a curl to it, so I rolled it opposite to the set it already had. That stretched it, and it began to get closer to the upper skin. A little more working it with opposite rolling and the two skins matched perfectly.

Next, put the panel back on the bench topside down and drill the bottom skin to the spar short of the tapered portion. When you flex the skin over the tapered spar, it changes dimensionally enough you need to pay attention to the trailing edge ensuring the raised beads remain aligned. Here's where being oversized helps out. The extra edge margin allows you to flex as necessary keeping the trailing edges aligned without running an edge off the spar flange.
I should mention I used small 9-lb sandbags to apply clamping pressures to these skins while doing this. Easier to reposition everything as necessary and less fiddly than spring clamps or otherwise.

Completing drilling the skins together, I used another 3/4" piece of MDF cut about 3/4" undersize around the perimeter of the panel. With the panel bagged down flat on the undersized board, allows access from below for drilling or clecos. The curved portion of the panel/board can then be flexed/aligned, bagged flat and accessed from below to drill and cleco together. Finally, the skin is drilled to the tapered portion of the spar.
The trailing edge inserts get installed and backdrilled through the bottom skin.

Rivet holes for the internal ribs are located and drilled in the skins, then reassembled and backdrilled through to the rib flanges. Similarly, the slots in the skins necessary for the steel actuator tabs are located once the rib positions are finalized, then cut and cleaned up.

Assembly starts after edge trimming the lower skin, deburring everything and, if desired, notching and crimping the bead ends on both skin panels.
Ribs, tabs and spars are first riveted together. The bottom skin gets riveted along the spar initially. Finish up the bottom skin riveting by riveting the ribs to the skin.

The top skin riveting begins by clecoing the inboard end as far as the first internal rib. Then rolling/peeling the skin back to allow access to buck the rib rivets from the inside and rivet gun access from the outside. once riveted, continue by clecoing to the next rib and repeating the process.
Once the ribs are riveted, invert the panel on the undersized jig board, bag and fully cleco in place including the trailing edge inserts and hinge half along the leading edge.
Keeping everything sandbagged flat, continue riveting both leading and trailing edges together. It should be flat.

The above process took me about 50 hours to complete an individual panel.
 
Sep 07, 2023     Upper Ailerons - (6.5 hours) Category: Controls
Began fabrication of both upper ailerons. Started in on the left one with the spar and ribs then decided to approach both uppers together, in a parallel process minimizing the amount of setup time required to go through all the steps in the fabrication process twice. We'll see how it goes, so far I have both a left and a right spar with associated ribs and not two left ones. Had a potential misstep laying out the topskins, but caught myself before cutting any sheet metal. The whole left/right, inside/outside, build it inverted on the jig thing kind of catches up with my cognitive limits once in a while. So far, so good... as far as I know.

Of note: I think I mentioned having graphed out the aileron jury strut actions. Since it is attached to the top of one aileron and the bottom of the other, those attach tabs on the ailerons swing in different arcs because of their relationship to the hinge point. Consequently, for both ailerons to displace similarly, the upper aileron attach tabs need to be located about 3/4' to 1" farther aft from the spar than the lower ones.
 
Sep 04, 2023     Finished the lower left, began upper left aileron - (6.0 hours)       Category: Controls
Fitted, fabbed and welded the aileron link to the aileron bellcrank for the lower left aileron. Tapered the spar for the upper left aileron and fabbed the flange insert piece for same.


 
Sep 03, 2023     Attaching the lower left aileron - (2.5 hours)       Category: Controls
Drilled and installed the T-nuts to hold the aileron to the lower left wing. Bonded them in with JB Weld. Cleaned up same.


 
Sep 02, 2023     Finished the bottom left aileron - (6.0 hours) Category: Controls
Finished up the riveting on the bottom left aileron today and moved on to drilling and installing the hinge half on the wing aileron spar. Not quite ready to install the T-nuts yet, but will be bonded in with JB Weld just like the first one. Should complete that step first thing tomorrow.
This aileron came out flat too, but I noticed a small shift on the trailing edge after I had finished drilling it. The rolled beads gradually started to offset from one another beyond the taper point along the curved trailing edge. Realized it only after it was too late to do much of anything about it. It's not a lot, about 1/3 of a bead width at the worst point, and the ends being tapered kind of masks the problem. Don't think it's significant enough to do anything about, but I do think I can do it better on the following ones, just have to watch them more carefully when I flex the skin over the taper and around the curve.
So far, it's taken about 50 hours each to complete an aileron. That's excluding the time spent socializing when the door is open (constructus interruptis). That's about 50 hours in just under two weeks, but I wasn't out there everyday. Spent a few days at the in-laws and the days I was out there some socializing and a coupla welding projects also came up. Not sure what that means if anything, but planning ahead I don't think my working pace is going to get any faster anytime soon.
I'll post some photos of this finished aileron tomorrow and the bead offset if I can.
 
Sep 01, 2023     Closing in on the bottom left aileron - (7.0 hours) Category: Controls
Okay, so I'm a little over 40 hours in on this bottom left aileron. More than I would have expected at this point, but hopefully I can wrap it up tomorrow.
Closed all the skin bead ends per the previous aileron, riveted together the steel tabs, ribs and spar and riveted the bottom skin in place.
Minor setback: Discovered five rivets on the bottom skin need drilling out and replacing (managed to cut a smile into each using the C-frame riveter). That task should begin tomorrow's adventures.
For this aileron assembly I have kept a running log of steps to accomplish in sequence so as to produce a flat aileron. So far it's two and a half pages of handwritten line-item steps. I did this because: 1.) I couldn't find a comprehensive explanation on anybody else's online build (and now I know why) 2.) I just went about building the first aileron based on the pictures and guidance I had come across from other builders and the Makelan photo CD. I took pictures, but no notes and by the time I started the second one, I had already forgotton how I had accomplished some parts of the process and sort of had to "reinvent the wheel" This should help me economize the process in completing the last two. And lastly, 3.) If anyone else decides to attempt this and stumbles across these notes, maybe it could help.

Once I get this second one complete, I'll try to summarize the process instead of writing the whole mess in agonizing detail here.
 
Aug 31, 2023     Getting ready to rivet the bottomleft aileron - (6.0 hours) Category: Controls
More prep work today closing in on the final stages of the bottom left aileron. Drilling is complete, cleaning up some corners, deburring, trimming, etc, etc. I also slotted both skins for their respective steel actuator tabs to poke thru.
Managed to snip the bead ends of both skins in preparation of crimping them down. This is one of the last steps prior to riveting the aileron together.
 
Aug 27, 2023     More bottomleft aileron const. - (7.5 hours) Category: Controls
Continued to fabricate, drill and assemble, disassemble, deburr, reassemble and drill and assemble some more, this the second of four ailerons required.
I had initially been looking forward to building these corrugated aluminum surfaces as I had previously built a VAn's RV6 and felt fairly confident working with sheet metal.
That is, until I read a magazine article featuring an award-winning Hatz Classic. The builder (I've forgotton the names and magazine) was giving the author the walk-around tour pointing out his ailerons which he was very proud of. He stated he had built SEVEN (7!!) to get four!
Huh? Building these without a twist was going to be more of a challenge than I was expecting and would have to pay attention.
So I pretty much tiptoed through the first aileron fabrication, but I didn't take any notes other than photos, and was working from memory now building this second one. I spent some time the last two days trying to enumerate the steps I used fabricating the first one and put them to paper, in hopes of making the process a bit more efficient building the remainder of them. Though "efficient" may not be the right term to describe this process... maybe "less painstaking".
 
Aug 24, 2023     Bottom left aileron construction (cont) - (13.5 hours) Category: Controls
Continued the construction of the lower left aileron. Same process as the right one, but seems to be going smoother so far. Topskin is completely drilled and deburred, Spar and ribs are fitted as are the steel tabs and the hinge is fitted and drilled . Next steps include cutting and fitting the bottom skin.
 
Aug 22, 2023     Starting the bottom left aileron - (6.5 hours) Category: Controls
Welded up The short link for the lower right aileron. Began fabricating the lower left aileron by tapering the spar and drilling the angle/filler strip same as the right one.
 
Aug 21, 2023     Attaching the first aileron to the wing - (8.0 hours)       Category: Controls
After riveting was complete, attachment to the wing via a nearly full length piano hinge was next. I used the extruded piano hinge since it is stronger than the rolled eye type of hinge. Drilling the hinge half on the drill press first allowed uniform hole spacing and alignment. Next, I used a straightedge to vertically align the hinge half on the wing aileron spar.
I used a hand drill to drill it to the spar. Care had to be taken to ensure the drill stayed normal to the spar surface since it sits at an odd angle. Could have used a portable drill press, but I think it would have been more trouble for little gain. Hand drill worked okay. First drilled the spar to #8 machine screw size, then backdrilled using a 7/32" angle bit to a depth of 1/4". This allows the shank of the T-nuts which will be inserted from the forward side of the spar to nest in the 7/32" counterbore and the #8 machine screws fit tightly through the spar.
I used an allen wrench and a few socket head screws and washers to seat the T-nuts by drawing them tight after first coating them with JB Weld. These T-nuts only have three sheared "pins" each to hold them into the soft spruce and I wanted to ensure they wont fall into the wing during any assembly or disassembly.
The hinge pin has a 90 degree bend in the inboard end which is trapped against the wing structure safetying it . Removal or insertion requires the aileron to be off the wing.
The #8 screws attaching the aileron to the wing are drilled-head and will be safety-wired during final assembly.
I made measurements to the wing aileron bellcrank from the lower tab of the attached aileron. I fabricated the linkage which attaches the two via a pair of rod-end bearings.


 
Aug 17, 2023     Riveting the first aileron skins - (8.5 hours)       Category: Controls
Once all the prep work was complete, nothing left to do but rivet this thing together. The bottom skin is necessarily the first to be riveted due to accessibility. Found a way to rivet and buck the ribs to the skin as well. I had purchased stainless cherry blind rivets to attach the ribs, but managed to buck them with solid rivets instead.

Attaching the topskin began with clecoing it to the structure to ensure proper alignment. Rolling the skin back on itself allowed access to insert a small bucking bar and operating the rivet gun from the outside. The structure was sandbagged flat on the jig during the process.

Once the ribs are riveted to the topskin, the skin is rolled out flat and the structure inverted on the flat jig. Inserting the trailing edge strip and angle then clecoing the trailing edge closed while pressed flat on the jig should ensure the structure remains flat with no twist.

The jig will allow the trailing edge and the leading edge with it's hinge segments to extend past the edge of the jig while sandbagged down, allowing access for the rivet squeezer.


 
Aug 13, 2023     Prepping Aileron skins - (3.5 hours)       Category: Controls
In getting ready to rivet this first aileron together, besides the usual deburring, edging, etc. I decided to crimp the ends of the rolled beads along the leading and trailing edges. The early Wacos did this on their ailerons, it looks a little bit more finished. Besides, labor was cheap then as I am now, so why not. Aerodynamically probably doesn't make a whit of difference, but I'm claiming 3 knots if asked.
First step was to notch the ends of the rolled beads. A small pair of snips would do, but Klein tools makes an HVAC tool that makes the perfect v-notch with one snip. Ordered it up from the Home Depot.
To form the closed ends on the beads, I used an old bolt that I filed a notch into, forming a pleasing and eye-catching shape to press onto the snipped ends.
Full disclosure: I'm just copying what I saw someone else do here, pretty sure I can pull it off.
The beads are all fully closed end fore and aft on the topskin, but the bottom leaves every fourth one open on the trailing edge. That's how Waco did it back in the day. Of Note, I saw the new production Wacos at Oshkosh... no closed ends on their ailerons. Labor costs more these days.

Edge forming these closed ends stretched the skin edges a bit making the skins move around a bit, but since I had already drilled and fitted everything prior, the accordion-like skins went right back together when clecoed no worse for wear.


 
Aug 08, 2023     Aileron/ Wing attachment - (2.5 hours)       Category: Controls
Aileron attachment to the wings is accomplished via a piano hinge screwed to the wing Aileron spar. T-nuts are inserted on the forward side of the aileron spar in the wing and #8 machine screws are sent thru the hinge half, the wood aileron spar and into the T-nuts. The screws are drilled-head which are safety-wired in place along the back side of the spar.
First issue to arise is the vertical placement of the hinge. The aileron spar flange and topskin sit atop the hinge half riveted to the aileron which comes to about 0.050" thick. So that means the hinge half on the wing aileron spar should be something like that below the top of the wing. There are at least two layers and maybe more of fabric and tapes and fabric finish chemistry wrapped over the top of the wing aileron spar. How thick is that? Dunno.
I think I'll simply screw the wing half of the hinge flush with the top of the wing aileron spar and call it good enough. As long as they are all located the same, it should be okay.
Drilling for the T-nuts presents the next issue. The shanks that get inserted are a few hundredths under 1/4" (0.220") so it's a sloppy fit to drill to 0.250" for which I have a brad point bit. The proper size drill to fit is a Letter "A" bit which I also have. But not in brad-point. The hinge half is drilled #19 as a clearance hole for a #8 screw. Contemplating which bits/size to drill and how. TBD.
Once drilled and inserted, these T-nuts have points that anchor them into the wood spar. Unfortunately, the points do little to resist being pushed out if I get a little heavy-handed driving in the screws which could cause them to fall into an already covered wing with no way to re-insert them without opening up the cover job. Will have to spread some JB Weld on the T-nuts prior to inserting them and anchoring into their holes to prevent pushout.
The aileron hinge pin should be anchored so it cannot migrate out possibly disconnecting the two hinge halves. Several ways to do this. One, I could put a 90-degree bend in the inboard end and leave 1/4" hanging free on the outboard end. Any migration would be limited to 1/4" inboard when the bend would contact the wing structure and stop. Second, I could drill the inboardmost hinge eye, insert a short length of safety wire or cotter pin and secure it. The hinge pin would be trimmed short enough for to accomplish the same thing on the outboard end, trapping the pin between safetied eyes.


 
Jul 29, 2023     Aileron jury strut Conundrums - (2.5 hours)       Category: Controls
Okay, hard to see in the pictures below (it's in pencil) but it diagrams and scales the information from the aileron plans. The plans show but do not dimension the attachment of the jury strut attach tabs to the aileron ribs. They appear to be attached equidistant aft of the aileron spars, but if so mounted they sit at different radius' from the hinge points. This means acting at different radius' the upper and lower surfaces will displace differently.

Among the conundrums include how far the ailerons are to displace. The plans show 25 degrees up and 20 degrees down, simultaneously 2-1/2" up and 2' down as measured at the trailing edge. It can't be both. In fact, the inch dimensions are about half of what the angle dimensions will produce.

Locating the correct distance aft of the hinge point for both the upper and lower strut attach point tabs is diagrammed on the scaled drawing in the first picture.
If located per the un-dimensioned aileron drawing, this would produce substantially different displacements between top and bottom ailerons.

I'm not the first builder to address this issue. Some have analytically determined the locations that will result in minimal difference in the throws between upper and lower. Others have observed how Waco addressed the problem and replicated that, using an external attach bracket and reversing them from top to bottom.

Bottom line: Assuming that both ailerons should move in approximately the same manner may be in error.
Dunno where I read about it, but the explanation went something like this: The down going aileron on the lower wing produces a lower pressure area below the downgoing upper aileron. So increased displacement of the upper would be necessary to produce an equivalent rolling force.

So what to do? I'm going with the minimal difference philosophy. From the diagram below, locating the tabs about an inch apart results in the minimal difference between aileron motions. As measured aft from the aileron spars, the lower tab attach pivot point comes out at 6-3/4" aft and the upper tab pivot point at 7-5/8" aft. The latter approximates the location depicted on the un-dimensioned plans.


 
Jul 18, 2023     Skinning the first aileron - (18.5 hours)       Category: Controls
Skinning begins with drilling the skins to the spar and rib structure. Keeping everything flat requires drilling it to the jig in the process. Since the topskin is flat, I started with the spar inverted on the topskin drilling it flat. Also aligning the rib structure to the corrugations to ensure the steel attachment tabs won't protrude through one of the rolled beads. Drilling commenced after the alignment was confirmed. Drilling to the spar was first, followed by match drilling the hinge half to the spar.
The remainder of the topskin rivet holes along the trailing edges and rib structures were also drilled and clecoed flat to the jig.
The curved trailing edge segment was also drilled flat to the jig through the topskin.
Once completely drilled, I removed the skin from the jig and clecoed it to the spar and rib structures. The bottom skin was intentionally trimmed oversize for this next step. The bottom skin was then matched to the structure, aligning the trailing edge beads and clamped together using two straightedges keeping everything straight and flat. The straight portion of the trailing edge was then match-drilled to the existing holes in the topskin.
The bottom skin trailing edge was then marked for trimming to size reference the topskin.
Following that, the topskin, spar and ribs were again clecoed flat on the jig with the bottom skin straight portion clecoed on top of the structure as well. The bottom skin was then flexed over the tapered portion of the spar and sandbagged flat.
The bottom skin was then drilled to the remaining structure in sequence: First the ribs and straight portion of the spar, followed by the tapered portion of the spar and the curved trailing edge. All of this was accomplished while the structure was sandbagged flat on the jig.

A second jigging board was made up to allow the clecoed perimeter of the aileron structure to hang over the edge to allow access for riveting. Holes were also bored in that to allow the steel tabs attached to the ribs to poke thru keeping everything flat.


 
Jul 06, 2023     Aileron Fabrication - Step one - (13.5 hours)       Category: Controls
So I'm running out of excuses to not build these ailerons. There are numerous ways to screw this up, including building a twist into what should essentially be a flat surface, trusting any dimension on the plans and/or losing track of the whole lefthand, righthand thing like building three left ailerons.

Step one, taper the spars. I bent up the spars with the intention of cutting a taper into them at the tips, then adding an angle along the bottom of the web to rivet the bottom skin to. Having mistakenly trusted the dimensions of the spar length, they're a bit short, even after cutting them long to begin with. See picture one below, the lines to the left of the trimmed spar show where the aileron tip will be relative to the spar. This required adding an extension, resulting in the "hockey stick" angle piece. This adds the lower flange, a couple more inches of spar web and an upper riveting flange to the extension.

Next up, locate and drill the ribs to the spar. Simple enough, but again, the plans dimensions accurate to three places beyond the decimal point might as well be lettered dimensions. Measure from the wing as-built to determine these. Once that's figured out, they can be located along the spar. Oh yeah, scribbled outside the lines again. Plans show the rib flanges notched where they intersect the spar flanges. I joggled them instead and will flush rivet them at that intersection. Should be stronger than eliminating the flange there.

Speaking of coloring outside the lines, the plans call for the spars to be made from 3003-H14, which is really soft stuff (that's what the windscreen frames are folded up from). I used 6061-T4, which is stiffer stuff, but I think it's probably okay.

With a spar and rib framework, time to introduce the skins. I laid the first skin onto the jig only to discover the edge formed a frowney face instead of laying straight along the jig (the opposite edge was a smiley face). I have to straighten the skin before I can lay a cutting template to it. They're about 6 feet long, and a 6 ft straightedge placed alongside showed it had about a 1/4" wow to it. Guess I'll have to cut it or grind it straight. So, how do I cut this stuff without screwing that up? While cogitating my circumstance and the extra steps to get a workable piece, I happened to shove on the high side of the curved edge and behold! It flexed!? With all the beads formed into it, the sheet is just a big spring and will flex around a bit as required... Duh! This could be useful information going forward keeping trailing edges aligned, etc.

So I shoved it straight, laid the cutting template on it and marked it for cutting.
I wound up using my Dremel Max circular saw with a carbide-toothed blade to do the rough cut out of the skin blank. Final trimming was done with a benchtop belt sander. Any edge cleanup can be done with 400 grit sandpaper at this point.


 
May 02, 2023     Aileron jig construction - (8.0 hours)       Category: Controls
Returned to work on the ailerons. I have the skins, spars, hinges, ribs and steel arms to rivet to the ribs. Still to fabricate are the trailing edge pieces. Not specified in the plans are the details regarding the thickness and alloy of the trailing edge angles and it's extensions to the curved portions of the aileron trailing edges.
Accordingly, I decided to fab them from 0.050" 6061-T6 and eliminate the wood inserts specified. The angled 6061 should provide enough trailing edge stiffness without the wood inserts. The wood I think would only serve to increase weight behind the hinge line, possibly changing the flutter characteristics for the worse. I'm thinking lighter is better.

The order of assembly will be important to ensure the ailerons get assembled flat with no twist or improper curves.

I'm thinking first steps to assemble involve drilling rivet holes along the spar and top skin which is flat full length. So, I have fabbed a board which will accept the skin beads allowing the top skin to lay flat inverted while drilling the spar to the skin. Drilled and clecoed to the board, the bottom skin can be added after the ribs and trailing edges are inserted. The bottom skin gets curved as it follows the spar taper towards the tip.
Concerns going forward include keeping the top and bottom skins beads aligned with one another, particularly beyond the spar taper point.
The sweeping curve along the outboard trailing edge will also be a challenge. I have a template for the top of the aileron, but the bottom skin will need to matched to the topskin after it is flexed into position.
The final question mark I have is riveting the internal rib flanges to the top and bottom skins. I'm thinking best practice is to use blind rivets to avoid bucking inside the skins as I assemble the aireron. Cherry "N" rivets similar to the ones used to attach the turtledeck stringers should do it. I have 3/32" stainless N rivets with plenty of shear and tensile strength to do the job. I'll use protruding head rivets, but will add a step to fill the tops of them before painting.


 
Mar 31, 2023     Panel Construction - (7.5 hours)       Category: Instrument Panel
Got to work first drilling and notching the 3/4 angles to rivet around the perimeter of the panels. These should stiffen the panels and help keep them flat.
Next up came bending and drilling the angles to the panels, keeping everything flush to the edges. Final steps were to deburr, countersink for flush rivets and rivet them together.


 
Mar 27, 2023     Panel blanks - (2.3 hours)       Category: Instrument Panel
Instrument panel templates were bondo-ed in position (see 10/14/22 entry) to form a custom fit inside the fuselage top skins. Hope was they would separate cleanly from the insides of those skins as the skins are covered by a poly film and the bondo likely wont stick... too badly.
It's good to be lucky sometimes. While monkeying around with the fuselage topskins last week, I pulled all the clecoes and yanked the skins off without thinking of the old bondo job. Wasn't until I looked back some time later, I realized they had indeed separated cleanly as hoped.
Step one is to clean up the gobbed-on bondo blobs so I can use them for an accurate template. Following that, layout on some heavier gauge AL sheet. I'm going with 0.050" 6061-T6. Should be heavy enough to support whatever is going into it even after I swiss-cheese it full of instrument holes.
The upper, curved perimeter gets a 3/4 X 3/4 0.063" thick angle bent around it and riveted in place. Some nutplates will be installed in the angle to accept screws through the topskin, holding it vertically in position.


 
Mar 14, 2023     Bending the acrylic - (6.5 hours)       Category: Fuselage
Built the acrylic bender (see 11/11/22 Tools entry). I had been practicing bending .090" plexi scraps I had laying around and seemed to achieve some basic understanding of the process. Notably, how best not to screw things up. Didn't have any 1/8" (0.125") scraps until I cut out the windscreen blanks.
Once I tried bending this slightly thicker stuff, my wee little transformer and hot wire just were not quite up to the task. This thicker stuff is covered on both sides with a coated, craft-paper like sheeting to prevent scratches (good) and the IR temperature sensor works better with the paper surface (also good) but it also requires just a bit more heat to get it up to temp and it's hard to see if/what is going on underneath approximates where we're trying to go with this (bad).
As the transformer fell a bit short and I don't have a Variac-type device to run more amps through the wire, a heating rod would have likely been the next best choice. Sadly, my interweb search skills failed to turn up any suitable options, although I'm sure they're out there somewhere.
I observed quite a number of YouTube-sters using heat guns to bend acrylic.... I have a heat gun! Testing on sheet metal first, I found the low setting would only get it to about 300F. On some plastic scraps, it would gradually get there if you concentrated it and maybe a bit more. I believe I read the bending temp is about 320F. Anyway, that works.
Once the blank was in the jig, I placed a couple 1/4" plywood (heat-masking) strips either side of the strip I wanted to bend. In only a few minutes the bending was done.
The bends and angles were very close in the initial bends, but not quite a perfect fit in the frames. I subsequently squeezed them into the frames and used the heat again to finish forming them into the frames.
Final steps included final edge trimming and polishing and the installation of nutplates in the fuselage topskins as the windscreens will be screwed in place.


 
Mar 08, 2023     Windscreen Acrylic       Category: Fuselage
Used the tagboard templates trimmed to fit the frames to layout an initial cut pattern on my Home Depot acrylic sheet.
Cut the 1/8" thick acrylic from a 24 X 60" sheet. After I laid out the patterns using the templates, made the cuts on a sheet of polystyrene foam insulation. Makes a nice flat backstop for cutting. Clamping was done using 9-lb sandbags.
I used a cutoff wheel chucked in an electric drill to saw the plastic. Usually chuck that cutoff wheel in my angle die grinder, but the die grinder spins too fast and tends to melt the plastic edge (bad). So, in the drill, it spins slower, no melting, more torque and still cuts well through the acrylic.
The edges will require filing, sanding and polishing before final install. Also they will need a relief notch at each rear corner to clear the welds there.


 
Mar 05, 2023     Windscreens cont'd...       Category: Fuselage
Welded the inside corners of the top flange to the side flanges. This stiffened the frames up nicely, making them more stable for the fitup on the fuselage.
Fitted tagboard templates into into the frames in order to establish reliably-shaped templates to cut out the acrylic.
Finally, centered and aligned the frames on the fuse, drilled and clecoed same in place.
Next, I plan to install the windscreens using #8 machine screws which will require nutplates riveted to the fuselage skin. There is potential to screw up this step too. Getting the nutplates installed concentrically with the holes in the frame flanges means the flanges will lie nice and flat on the skin, if not... well, lets take the time to get them concentric.
Also, fitting the acrylic may go a little quicker if I can use clecoes instead of nuts and screws. May fit that before launching down the nutplate trail.


 
Feb 25, 2023     More windscreen frame fabrication       Category: Fuselage
I decided to just go ahead and cut out the windscreen openings as they are (bowed) and see how it goes. It might get better on it's own? Either way, this step has to get done, just get on with it. Drilled holes in the corners with a unibit to connect the straight cuts to start. Initially planned to cut the straight parts using the angle die grinder with a cutoff wheel. But since I didn't want to blow grinding dust from that all over the hangar and everything else in it, the other option was to take it outside... Not an option. Not this February, even equipped with long underwear.
Chose instead to use the vibrating, oscillating tool with a cutoff saw. Saw this technique on a "Hints for Homebuilders" EAA video. Seemed like a viable option. And, Waay less dust. Marked the cut lines with masking tape and followed same. Worked okay.
Of note: I used a fresh steel blade (noted for "wood & plaster") to cut this soft aluminum (probably okay). The carbide-toothed variety of the same blade was 3-1/2 times the price and I was only going to use it this once... That might have been a better choice but I was too cheap to go for it. I think the steel blade began to dull right away as it required increased pressure to continue cutting as I went.
Also of note: It may be due to the increased hand pressure this required as I mentioned above, but in the hour or so all this cutting required my hands developed and continued to "buzz" for the next three days. I hadn't noticed this before, but usually this tool is used for a couple minutes and then you're done. I'll approach a big job with this tool differently next time.
Once cut out, I filed and sanded the edges smooth and readied for the next steps.


 
Feb 11, 2023     Bending Windscreen Frames       Category: Fuselage
The windscreen frames are each bent from a single sheet of 0.032" 3003-H14 aluminum. Once bent, openings are cut into each face of the 3-pane framework. Following that, a single piece bent acrylic sheet will nest inside the bent framework, then screwed to the fuselage topskin.
The first two straight bends forming the edges between the center and side panes were done on the bending brake using a formed radius block (3/8" radius round-over routed edge) clamped in place instead of the stock brake shoe. This formed a nicer, radiused edge instead of a just a simple bent edge.
Next up, the trailing edges need 180 degree bends to form a "cupped" edge into which the acrylic trailing edges will nest. Bent to 90 using a short length of 3/4" square steel (it has nice, radiused corners). Used a short piece of 1/8" birch plywood clamped into the trailing edge corner to form the last 90 degrees of bend, forming the 1/8" pocket for the acrylic trailing edges.
Forming the bottom, flanged edges I used Scott's 4-roller flanging tool. The tool worked great, allowed the varying bend angles around the curves required on the sides and produced really smooth, curved flanges. Much smoother than I could have done another way. Of note: The side flanges on the aft frame has a little more curve than the forward one. Sooo, when I bent the flanges on that curvier edge, it kind of put a bow in each side pane of the rear windscreen frame.
There's a coupla fixes available for the bow. One way, I could use a stretcher to stretch the flanges which would take out the bow but also beat up the flanges which would need sanding and cleanup. Option B is to simply forge ahead, cut the openings in the side panes and see how the bow looks after removing most of the metal on those sides. If the bow is still problematic at that point, might be able to massage the lower edge (the only part retaining the bow), or worst case, go back to the stretcher and beat up on it. More to follow.


 
Dec 10, 2022     Flanging tool       Category: Tools
Construction of the windscreen frames requires bending the lower edges (flanging) of same to match the contours of the fuselage topskins. The shape of these flanged edges is roughly a helix, so there is no bending brake solution and no straight lines. I suppose a proper tinsmith with a hammer and shot bag could pull that off, but that ain't me. I have seen (on the internet) others use a wheeled flanging tool to accomplish these bends. Shopping about, they're kinda spendy, IF they were still in production (not). I contemplated fabricating one using a pair of bolts through a steel bar with cheap roller blade bearings for the bending/flanging action. I was not confident I could fab one accurately enough in the shop. While bemoaning my quest for such a tool to my buddy who has built his F1 Rocket, he said he had one... !!? So he shipped it up to me from sunny Florida around Halloween-time. It's on loan while I muddle through this phase of the process. He had used it to flange the slider canopy on his F1 Rocket. It has four rollers, the ones I have observed/planned only two. I'll need to ops-check this on some scraps to see if I can make it work on my application.
Update: This roller tool was just the ticket to form smooth curved flanges on my windscreen frames. The flanges were formed on a curve with varying bend angles as it progresses along the curve. I think the 4-roller setup with these delrin rollers produced a smoother bend than a simpler 2-roller setup may have.


 
Dec 04, 2022     Degausser use and construction - (12 hours)       Category: Research
Construction has been slowed lately due to family commitments but I have had time for some reading and research into upcoming potential problems.
One of those issues is magnetic fields that may or may not be induced in a welded steel tube fuselage. Reading the Biplane Forum it seems to be a common problem that the magnetic compass often functions only to satisfy a FAA requirement. EFIS magnetometers which provide source info for the glass-cockpitted set also suffer the same ill effects. Some question exists as to the cause of these fields. Some claim it's TIG welding, others say any welding and some claim uncut lengths of tube from the mill have been discovered magnetized... All plausible as the production requires drawing the material through multiple dies and rollers and welding may only interfere or move these existing fields about.
So much for theory and problem definition; now what is to be done about it?
Many have claimed degaussing the welded fuselage can eliminate this. Sometimes it takes a second degaussing until the fields are completely eliminated.
Degaussers have been around for decades for use in erasing magnetic tapes and other magnetic-stored media. Some are still available on ebay and elsewhere for erasing VHS tapes or reel-to-reel audio tapes. An old one of these may work, but again, some have questioned if they are strong enough for this use. I dunno. I did find an article describing how to build one on a webpage devoted to people who are sensitive to strong magnetic fields (www.eiwellspring.org) Enter the geeky retail therapy on Digi-Key and Parts Express.com
It's a pretty simple setup: Line voltage goes to a 120/12 VAC transformer, the 12 VAC is connected to a large copper coil : 18 awg 12 mH air-core coil and driven at about 3-4 amps. This produces an alternating magnetic field, swapping polarity at 60 hertz. When moved over the offending magnetic field, the coil and it's alternating fields "scramble" the existing fields. Apparently, the field coil needs to be kept moving in a fluid motion during this process to achieve the desired result. Also, the coil will heat up while in use and should be allowed to cool after awhile.
Photo below shows the coil on the left and transformer to the right and some supporting tech info.


 
Nov 11, 2022     Acrylic Bending jig - (6.5 hours)       Category: Tools
Windscreens require two bends each to form a three-sided, single-piece acrylic screen that nests inside a similarly bent single piece aluminum frame. The nested pair is then screwed in place to the fuselage top skins.
The acrylic bender will form those required bends in the acrylic. First pic below shows the bender and two triangles representing the two different required angles of bend (60 degrees for the aft, 58 degrees for the forward). The right half of the jig hinges up to form these angles. A 0.020" stainless safety wire is stretched in the gap between the hinged halves and about 1/4" below the top surface. Spring tension is maintained on the wire as it expands and tends to sag once heated. The channel formed between the two jig halves is lined with foil tape to help reflect heat to where its needed. A trusty 1960's vintage toy train transformer provides the electrical power, data plate says it puts out 90 watts at 16VDC.
Some experimenting with wire length to get the right heating rate is in order. I'm at 18" between contacts and the wire gets a nice orange color, but may be heating the acrylic too quickly, as I bubbled some .090" acrylic scrap practicing. Further tests are in order, I can increase the heated wire length another 8 or 9" which will dial down the heating rate. There is also a rheostat on the transformer I may use.


 
Oct 14, 2022     Panel Template - (2.0 hours)       Category: Instrument Panel
Instrument panel templates have been screwed in position while installing and fabricating the fuselage topskins. Cut from an old sheet of wall paneling, they have been a placeholder for the finished product. The topskins didn't form exactly around the full perimeter of each, leaving some gaps.
Fixed the gaps (I think) by blobbing some bondo (I have some extra) in the gaps between the skin and edges of the panels. Aluminum has poly stuck to it so I believe the bondo will separate neatly from that and stick to the wood. Once separated, I'll sand the bondo flat to the panel and have a custom fitting panel template for each cockpit.


 
Oct 07, 2022     Windscreen frames       Category: Fuselage
Plans contain drawings for the one-piece windscreen frames at 1/4"=1" scale. Blew the drawings up at Kinko's by 400% to save some time sketching same.
Transferred to tagboard and cut out to form templates to transfer to the trick aluminum called for in the plans. Plans call for 3003-h14 aluminum I assume because of all the curved flanges and bends required to form from a single piece as this is a very malleable alloy.
The front three edges get a flange bent into their curves to allow the frames to contact flush and attach to the topskins. The rear three edges get straight bends but they are two 90 degree bends each forming a "cup" into which the rear edge of the acrylic nests. The acrylic is also a single piece, bent same as the frames and will nest into the frame. Once the two are assembled together and screwed to the topskins the acrylic is captured in position. Plans call for Lexan, but I think I'm going with acrylic (plexiglass) as it is a bit more scratch and fuel resistant. Plans also differ depending where you look regarding acrylic thickness; 1/8" or 3/16".
Probably going with 1/8" depending what and where I can find it. Hopefully, it will only need to stop an 80 mph booger from the front cockpit.
First attempt to mock up windscreens I used cardboard, but it was difficult to work with making small changes. Plan Bravo used 1/8" foam-core project boards to cut into windscreen panels. This stuff works easier, stays flat and makes those necessary small adjustments more clear. Looks like about 120 to 122 degrees adjusts the panels to the right shape. The foam-core shape is ultimately the finished shape of the acrylic inserts.


 
Oct 01, 2022     Cockpit coaming       Category: Fuselage
Installed the metal-cored, PEX tubing around the cockpit openings. Used a fiber cutoff wheel chucked in the air drill to slot a length of tubing. Initially tried the angle die grinder, but it spun too fast and tended to melt the PEX and bog down. Air drill runs slower, doesn't melt the stuff and has more torque.. worked better.
Slipped the tubing over the cockpit edges, then snipped the ends to fit, butting together at the forward edge. Except where they are butted together, the tubing is held very rigidly in place and really needs no hardware or lacing at this point to hold it moreso. Where they are butted, I plan to bond them in place and call it good.
After paint, a layer of foam pipe insulation will be wrapped around the tubing and a stitched leather cover laced in place.


 
Sep 30, 2022     Fwd. Topskin       Category: Fuselage
With enough fiddling, evenly concentric holes around the cabane tubes look to be good enough. Similarly, the access holes for the roll wires cleaned up well to be large enough to permit any reasonable vibration and still unobtrusively small enough. Planning to use a leather disk to separate the wires, it will be laced in place during final assembly.


 
Sep 23, 2022     Fwd. Topskin (cont.)       Category: Fuselage
Forward topskin fitted and drilled. The cockpit sides were reinforced the same as the aft cockpit ( see 8/15 entry).
Still more fitting to go for the cabane access holes.


 
Sep 03, 2022     Forward Topskin Fabrication       Category: Fuselage
Cut the forward topskin blank from the tagboard template. Cabane access holes and roll wire holes were opened to a minimum size reference the template. Rolled the skin over the same PVC tube, centered and strapped into position.
Opening the cabane access holes presents a couple challenges. The cabanes need to be test-fitted multiple times to iteratively open the access holes to an even and adequate size. To prevent any skin drift during this process, the skin had to be first drilled in place and clecoed down.
The cabanes fit over the welded "ears" on the top longerons, which angle the same as the cabane legs. They fit perfectly in place over these ears, when bolted in position. However, until they are in place, they do not. The cabane legs need to be flexed together in order to fit over the tops of the ears and then allowed to un-flex (spread) as the cabanes are lowered down into position over the ears. Accomplishing that while working through a teardrop-shaped hole in the topskin requires another tool.
First picture below shows the cabane and a safety-wired turnbuckle arrangement. Tightening the turnbuckle draws the cabane legs together allowing them to fit over the longeron ears and slide into position.


 
Sep 02, 2022     Cockpit Coaming       Category: Fuselage
The cockpit coaming is layered up from the sheet aluminum edge surrounding the cockpit opening. First layer is a unique PEX tubing that contains an internal layer of aluminum between PEX layers. It can be shaped and formed around the opening, slotted and installed in place. Method of attachment TBD.
Foam pipe insulation will layer over the PEX and a layer of leather will be stitched over that.


 
Aug 15, 2022     Top Skin side stiffener panels       Category: Fuselage
Once I got the top skin clecoed in place, this .032" skin became surprisingly stiffer around the cockpit opening. But, it's still not stiff enough on it's own. The plans call for an unspecified steel tubing laid out under the opening to support it and welded to the longerons and aft hoop. It would only be now that I could figure where/how to bend and locate that tubing in place around the opening. So I didn't. Different plan is to stiffen these side skins by adding a curved plate to the insides. Intention is to make the sides stiff enough for someone to plant their butt cheeks on without damage. Initially considered a solid plate, something like 80-90 thousands thick but decided I could make/design something as strong but a little lighter.
First made tagboard templates to fit the locations. The inner skin is the same thickness as the topskin (.032") and are spaced off of one another by strips of .050" X 5/8" aluminum. The .050" strips will be sandwiched between the skins and riveted in place as well as around the perimeter of the inner skins. This forms a series of five closed cells or torsion boxes along the interior of the topskin hopefully stiffening them up enough to pass the "cheek test".
Outer skins will be dimpled and strips countersunk to accept flush rivets, producing a smoother finish so the rivets will be less visible from the outside.
Update 8/30/22: Instead of .050" strips along the top and bottom perimeters of the stiffener panel, I joggled those edges. The bottom, straight edge I did on my bending brake. The curved upper edge I used a cheap Chinese auto body tool that produced a joggle one inch at a time. It was good enough to do the limited amount I needed. It was also more controllable than the pneumatic version my neighbor offered up to use.
Once they were completely riveted together I have little doubt they'll pass the "cheek test".


 
Jul 30, 2022     Top Skins (The ongoing saga)       Category: Fuselage
After trimming the .032" thick sheets to size for the cockpit top skins, I busied myself transferring all the required cutouts from the templates to the skins with the exception of all the screw mounting holes. Next, I proceeded to cut these openings into the sheets using a collection of saws, snips, files and sandpaper. This seemed like a good idea at the time.
As a "howgozit" measure, I set the aft cockpit skin in place to size up the fitment. The now glaringly obvious stiffness of these thicker sheets may be a problem and will need to be dealt with. I had been using the thinner .025" thick sheets which draped nicely around the bottom and sides of the fuselage and hadn't considered how flexing these stiffer sheets may be affected around the large cockpit cutouts.
Suffice to say, they flex okay around a bulkhead that can be clamped to, but that's about as far as the flex goes. Even then, they don't lay nice on the bulkheads, lifting off the flatter portions of the curves. I will need to roll some curvature into these skins in order to solve that.
Additionally, the areas around the cockpit sides remain flat and will require the same curvature rolled into them. I'm thinking this rolling may have been better accomplished before cutting the large cockpit cutouts. We'll see how this goes... hopefully not another do-over.
Update 8/2/22:
Put some curve into the forward topskin. Not too tough, found the biggest diameter PVC pipe I had laying around the shop and laid it across a pair of sawhorses. Just hand pressure alone rolling the sheet across the tube introduced a gentle curve to the piece. Biggest challenge was keeping the curve consistent with no kinks or flat spots. Gradually worrying this thing into shape.
The portion of skin that goes over the hoop aft of the cockpit opening needs to be split and a filler strip added. Once I finalized where the skin was going to be anchored, I cut a small strip, joggled it's ends to overlap the skin ends and riveted it in place with flush rivets.
The trailing edge didn't lay quite as nice as I wanted over the aft hoop and the scalloped skin I had tucked under the hoop flange. I first shrunk the trailing edge to match the turtledeck slope, then added some sandable filler to blend them together.


 
Jul 22, 2022     Top Skins shearing       Category: Fuselage
These top skins are laid out on four-foot wide sheets of aluminum and are nearly as wide as they are long. A clean cut is necessary since most of these edges will be showing perpetually. My 30" shear on the 3-in-one machine can be made to make these long cuts with a little adaptation. It has an open throat of about 1-3/4" so I trimmed the sheets to within about 1-1/2" of the required cut with a cutoff wheel.
Using the shear and starting at one edge of the sheet I trimmed along the cut line approx 3/4 the way across the shear blade then opened it back up much like a hand shear would be operated to take another bite. Then I slid the sheet (to the right in this case) to get the remainder of the cut under the shear blade, aligned and then complete the cut.
Thought I was going to need to find a wider shear again but this technique worked perfectly.


 
Jul 10, 2022     Roll wires attach tabs - (10.0 hours)       Category: Rigging
Okay, so I created a new category for my build, "Rigging". I figured as this is a biplane build, rigging encompasses an important and comprehensive portion of it.
This is the first entry in that category.
Photos below show the build sequence for the welded tabs which will attach the roll wires to the top wing center section. I needed to rig these wires at this point to figure out where they poke through the top skin ahead of the passenger just aft of the firewall.
Sequence includes cutting the required thicknesses of steel from sheet and bushing tube. The thicker center insert tabs were welded first to both ends of a length of bushing. Welding these tabs to either end of a longer piece of bushing stock makes for easier handling and clamping while monkeying around heating, forming and welding the sheet steel to the assembly. Way easier than trying to work with just the right length of tube.
Next, the longer and thinner sheets were heated and formed over a 7/16" rod and then aligned and tacked in place to the bushing stock over the previously welded center inserts.
The tacked sheet strips were heated once again and formed around the bushing to lie flat against the center insert. Having them tacked in place makes this an easy and straightforward process with a torch and a few simple blacksmithing tools.
A clamp was placed on the tabs to squeeze the three pieces tightly together for welding. Tacked, then fully edge-welded around the tabs and onto the bushing to complete the welding step.
Next steps will include cutting the welded tabs free of the length of bushing stock, trimming to proper length and drilling/reaming both the bushing and the hole in the tab to accept the roll wire pins.
Wound up with two sets of tabs... The first, shorter set was built to plans and installed. Roll wires just fit, the threads reached right to the witness holes of the forked ends. Just to the ends. Any adjustment even a half turn would allow a safety wire to pass through the witness holes. Fortunately everything was squared up but wasn't comfortable with no adjustment capability. So I made a second set 1/2" longer to allow for deeper thread engagement and adjustment later of the threaded clevis ends.


 
Jul 08, 2022     Top Skins (cont.)       Category: Fuselage
Okay, so the fuselage top skins require an accurate template in order to fit around the numerous protrusions and fittings. There are two skins, so two templates. The forward one over the passenger cockpit needs holes for the cabane attachments and also the roll wires. These roll wires come up from the firewall fittings, criss-crossing in front of the passenger and attach overhead to the center section cabane attach fittings. Where those wires poke thru could be determined analytically I suppose, but I'm thinking I'll have better results just hooking everything up and see where they come thru. Should produce accurate holes in the template.
Doing it this way will require mounting and dismounting the center section several times. Don't have an overhead hoist, couldn't come up with a free-standing mounting jig and already re-purposed the longeron mounted jig I used earlier. In a brief moment of clarity, it dawned on me I could extend the reach of my engine hoist by simply mounting a longer arm to it. Cobbled together an old six-foot oak hand railing, some hardware and other scrap steel bits. I don't think the center section weighs any more than 25-30 lbs so this should be stout enough to do the job.
I got so excited putting the hoist together, I kinda forgot about the order of build and just hoisted everything up and pinned it in place... At least it all fit so far.
What I forgot about is the top of each roll wire needs to attach to a fitting which in turn attaches to the center section. So I can't hook up the wires until I fabricate those fittings. So some steel cutting and welding is in order while the center section waits in position.
Notably, the center section is quite rigid in position even without the wires in place yet. But if I shove on it, it will rock side to side a bit.
Update 7/11/22. Got the roll wire attach tabs fabbed and installed the wires. Center section is absolutely rigid in position with these wires installed.
Wire holes located, and taped into the template, everything comes apart to remove the template and lay it out on the aluminum sheet. .032 6061-T4. It's a little heavier than the cheek cowls and belly pans but hopefully more fatigue resistant.


 
Jun 30, 2022     Four-inch duct flange - (8.5 hours)       Category: Engine
I have planned to attach the oil cooler to the firewall and acquired a nice aluminum duct adapter to fit over it. It requires a 4" SCAT tube from the aft engine baffle to feed it. So that means a 4" duct flange will need to be riveted to the aft baffles to secure the 4" SCAT tube to. AS&S sells duct flanges economically enough (I think they're even in stock) but appears the size ranges only go up to 3". That's about as far as my search efforts went trying to locate one. So lets see if I can stick one together.
I've been looking for some aluminum welding projects to practice on since my aluminum welding skills in general, suck. This seemed like a good opportunity. Had a scrap sheet of 0.032" 6061-T4 big enough to make several attempts at (good thing too). First off, It's a weldable alloy that's important, cuz not all of them are so. Plus, it's reasonably thick enough even I can stick it together without blowing it full of holes.... mostly.
Initial steps were to use the fly cutter to cut a 6" ring which will form the riveting flange. This should form a 1" flange around the finished part.
Next, I sheared a 1" wide strip to form into a circle which will be welded into the center of the ring, forming the duct stub the SCAT will clamp to.
Simple enough, cut a four-inch hole in the ring, weld the one-inch strip into said hole and yur done! How tough could this be?
First attempt worked out.. mostly. Finished part was kinda wobbly. Heat distorted the riveting flange. Kinda looked like a really small aluminum fedora with no top. Was thinking I could anneal it with the torch and smush the flange flat and prettier when I attempted to fit the 4" SCAT to it. Turns out 4" SCAT tube is exactly 4" and will not fit over a 4" tube... at least I couldn't do it. Next, tried fluting around the perimeter of the duct stub in hopes of making the SCAT fit nice. It did sorta. But not well and it's getting uglier. Better off cutting my losses on this attempt and starting over.
The good thing about starting over is the drill press and shear processes is a simple repeat setup, only hopefully I have learned something from the earlier attempt. First up, duct stub will be 3-7/8" to allow the 4" SCAT to fit, and the formed strip will meet with an overlap instead of a butt joint. (I'm finding that easier to weld)
Fast forward, I wasn't paying enough attention to detail and during the tack-up phase things got away from me. Didn't notice the problem until I finished up. Flange was even wobblier this time. No go. At least the SCAT fit well.
Third time was the charm (I hope). Made the rivet flange narrower to reduce the distortion and spent a lot more time spreading the tacks around before running any beads. Longest run between tacks was about 3/4". Everything stayed put, and the distortion was minimized. It's probably ok.


 
Jun 24, 2022     Cockpit rear panels       Category: Fuselage
Fabbed wood panels to fit behind both the passenger and pilot cockpits. Used 1/8" birch acft ply. Access holes were installed to allow Shoulder harness restraints to strap to the crossbar behind each seat. The aft panel also features the access to the aft storage bin behind the pilot. The current plan is to cover this hole using a sewn leather cover held in place with snaps. That should allow full access to the bin, the harnesses to emerge under it's lower edge and still be secure enough for inflight storage. Considered velcro, but I'm not confident with the drumming and air loads that velcro would hold it in place. Snaps seemed the better option.


 
Jun 19, 2022     Aileron skin template - (1.5 hours)       Category: Controls
I continue to advance along a wide front. Which is another way of saying I got sick of doing what I was doing, or frustrated and needed to work on something else in the hopes that inspiration would strike in the meantime.
Anyway, this needed doing and the wings were down and accessible and as a plus, not many deep thoughts required to make a cardboard template.
Cut a chunk of cardboard with a long, straight edge and a right angle corner at one end. Stuffed the square corner into the aileron rib/spar intersection with the straight edge along the aileron spar. Blocked it in place with scrap wood, clamps and masking tape. I used three 1/8" ash strips leftover from the wingtip bows clamped in place to flex around the end to join the trailing edge line of the aileron. Flexed it to match the wingtip sweep and the aileron drawing... seems pretty close.
Of Note: 1) This template fits the lower right wing. (I stuck it up to the lower left wing and it's a pretty close fit there too) Uppers? TBD.
2.) This template matches the upper aileron skin, the bottom skins will be narrower (I think) so cutting from this will allow some wiggle room.
3.) Since I stuffed it into the corner of the spar/rib intersection, it's 1/4" too long in a perfect world. Nobody lives there, but don't build the aileron to this length. Make it fit the wing with a 1/4" gap at the inboard end.


 
Jun 15, 2022     Trimming the wingwalks - (18.0 hours)       Category: Wings
A task that has been waiting patiently for me to finish is trimming the top wingwalks on both lower wings to match the fuselage contours with the side stringers in place. The wings have been mated to the fuselage structure before to ensure the steel fits and check for any sweep or offset issues.. it's all square. Now that the stringers are in place, the sides of the fuselage "bellys out" resulting in interference between the wingwalks and the stringers and ultimately the fuselage fabric.
This required trimming the top wingwalks back to match the contour of the simulated fabric covered stringers.
The Makelan photo CD that came with the plans shows pictures of an adjustable angle iron stand to lay the wings on with PVC pipe sections acting as rollers under the wings with which to roll the wings to and from the fuse for the multiple fittings required to make this trimming. Didn't have the PVC or similar, so used instead my trusty 1-1/2 X 1-1/2" oak railing spindles. Uniformly straight and dimensionally equal, but unfortunately square... not good candidates for the required rolling action. I still have the fuse mounted on the rotisserie, so I mounted dollies under the rotisserie stands and could then roll the fuselage away from the wing.
The fabric sides were simulated by stretching and taping paint masking paper in place along the lower longeron and up a couple of side stringers. Wingwalk was then trimmed away in steps until I could get the steel fittings to reach one another and slip in temporary wing attach bolts.
An interesting aspect of this interference issue was between the lowest stringer and the wing end rib. Although built to plans dimensions, I must have a bit more bow in my bottom stringer as it required some planing since it was contacting the rib and the steel was not yet in position. Planed it down to achieve a slight gap with the end rib. It now has less "bow" along it's outer edge.
Although not specified in the plans, this wing gap is affected by the lower wing dihedral angle. The top wings note 1-1/2 degrees. The lower wings shown on the cover drawing 00 and later Drawing 22 depict more dihedral. How much? I extended the lines on the respective drawings in order to measure and came up with something like 2 to 2-1/2 degrees. Armed with this information, I set the wing stands to 2-1/2 degrees. Thinking if I need a lower angle later it would be a simpler matter to fill any excess gap than to again re-trim the wingwalk and stringers. Fourth picture notes wing nose area against the fuse has a gap between the upper and lower leading edge skins. Filled this by cutting and sanding a small mahogany block and epoxying it in place.


 
May 13, 2022     Top Skins       Category: Fuselage
Started with the forward-most panel first as it seemed the better constrained since it included two bulkheads (the firewall and the aft pax hoop). Taped up four sheets of tagboard from the office supply place lacking awareness of any better options available. Seems to work okay.
That was a bit premature... consulted the drawing depicting these top skins which is more of a guideline than a plan. Of note, the tops of these skins are parallel to the longerons. First picture shows how the skin sloped down toward the firewall bulkhead. Second and third pics show the next attempt, leveling the top and splitting the aft edge to go over the hoop between the cockpits. The skin over the aft cockpit is also parallel to the longerons and similarly requires the aft edge split to go over the hoop aft of the cockpit.


 
Apr 22, 2022     Printed knobs and placards - (7.5 hours)       Category: Controls
I needed knobs for the throttle quadrants I fabricated, but the ones I was looking for were out of stock and anything fitting certificated acft were stupid expensive.
Visiting my son and their new baby, he demo'd his new 3D printer and asked if there was anything I could use... well yes! We proceeded to design a set of knobs while he tutored me on the use of Fusion 360 CAD software. With no formal training on the use of CAD other than YouTube University, I pleasantly discovered Fusion 360 way easier to use than the Solidworks software. The result is a bespoke set of knobs.
We also produced a trim handle knob and a set of placards for the quadrants, elevator trim and fuel shutoff. I think I'll be looking for more projects to print going forward.
He schooled me that the plastic used in the printer is not UV resistant, and so needed paint/coating to protect. A coat of rattle-can red or black and all is well. Added contrast to the lettering that was printed into the parts after they were painted. Squeezed some white bathroom tub/tile adhesive caulk onto the lettering with my fingers and wiped off the excess with a wet rag. The stuff shrinks a bit when it dries so it gives a nice concave look to the letters...


 
Mar 18, 2022     Aileron Ribs - (11.5 hours)       Category: Controls
After consulting the drawings, made a rib template approximating same. After checking the template's fit to the already-constructed wings, made a couple small adjustments. Next up, cut two hard maple forming blocks to the template size (less .032" bend thickness per edge) and routed 1/8" radius edges on the one block. Sheared the .032" aluminum required into rib blanks, drilled 3/16" dia corner holes where the flange bends will end. A pair of tooling holes were match-drilled from the forming blocks to all the ribs.
I think I counted right. Four end ribs (one for each aileron), six internal ribs (one each for the upper and two each for the lowers). Flange bend direction will be critical for assembly unless I go with blind fasteners. As such, conventional riveting will require some access as the aileron is closed up. TBD.

Oh yeah, I forgot to take a picture of them individually, but the throttle quadrant interconnect pushrods are welded up and powdercoated. They're visible at the top of each picture below. Rigid links connect the two quadrants, then flexible cables connect to the forward quadrant into the engine compartment.


 
Mar 05, 2022     Scallops - (4.5 hours)       Category: Fuselage
I dunno, it's just how I was feeling that day, seemed right... Added some scallops to the fuselage sides at the forward end of the side stringers. Will be covered with fabric, but after shrinking, should give a subtle reveal depending on lighting. Plan is to prime the inside of them white.
Yup. Had an above-freezing day (one) so brought them back to the house to warm up the garage-cum paint booth. Etched, alodined and epoxy-primed the inside (visible) surfaces of the scallops. They're also drilled and dimpled and ready for install, but will wait until the side stringers are final-installed for the last time. The pointy ends of these .020" aluminum scallops are ideal candidates for snagging everything and anything on while going about the business of fabrication. Install could be sooner rather than later, still monkeying around with the throttle quadrants and a couple of interference issues there. Primer instructions state although dry to handle in a couple hours, full cure is 7 days... Special dispensation allowed their placement near an out-of-the-way heat vent for a few days during this unusually cold (even for us) week in March.


 
Feb 13, 2022     Center Section fuel drain fairings - (11.5 hours)       Category: Wings
Since I was busy monkeying around with fiberglass doing the Headcomb, and it's the coldest part of the winter, why not run up the heat bill trying to cure some more chemistry?
Used a 3-1/2" squishy plastic ball (actually a dog chew ball) set into a piece of masonite with hot-melt glue. Masonite was covered in the packing tape again and the ball treated with four or five coats of mold release wax, then sprayed with silicone mold release spray prior to each layup. The layup consisted of three plys which seems about right for a small fairing. To ensure the inside radius of the layup where the ball meets the board didn't develop any voids (again I didn't have a vacuum pump) I clamped another piece of masonite with a chamfered hole also covered in packing tape to the top of the whole sticky mess.
I need five of these fairings, one for each fuel outlet on the bottom of the center section and a fifth for the fuel gauge sticking down from same. I could mold one per day, surreptitiously bringing it home to cure in the back of the laundry room since it's below zero outside and falls to just above freezing in the hangar overnight. Fortunately it doesn't stink as I was very shortly discovered planting these in the non-permissive environment. Only had to beg forgiveness once as I recall.
After curing, I drilled a small hole through the top center of the layup then hit it with 120psi air pressure from a rubber-tipped air nozzle. Sounded about like a 22 caliber pistol shot and it was free.
Once all five were molded and roughly trimmed to size, I gave them two coats of the PPG K36 high-build sandable primer. Wet-sanded them smooth and they're ready to install.


 
Dec 22, 2021     Headcomb Antenna Farm       Category: Fuselage
The purpose of the composite headcomb is so I can mount GPS antennas under it. These antennas seem to add up for the different avionics boxes installed, so I have room for them out of the way yet convenient enough to wire them to the panel. Hence the term, "Antenna Farm". Also included is the ELT antenna. Fabbed a small fixture to fit the aft end of the farm which the ELT antenna fits into. The antenna then extends into the aft pointy end of the headcomb. A small piece of pipe insulation foam will keep it from banging around inside.
For those who may be concerned with the horizontal mounting, it should be ideally oriented (near vertical) post-impact.


 
Dec 12, 2021     Turtledeck Headcomb construction       Category: Fuselage
Glued the hot-wired foam core for the headcomb to a board. Then used the core as a male mold for a fiberglass wet layup. Coating the core with bondo, sanding and shaping was followed by covering it with packing tape. Epoxy will not stick to the mylar tape, so the finished wet layup should release once cured. Once completed, the composite headcomb will be screwed to two aluminum angles along the top of the turtledeck.
The original plans called for a metal headcomb design, folded in a "V" shape. I think a rounded, shape fits the character a bit better and molding it from fiberglass should be a simple matter. As a bonus, fiberglass is transparent to GPS signals, so it should make a good location for the assorted GPS antennas for ADS-B in and out and any navigation boxes antennas. Round top at the forward end is a tuna-can radius which met the pleasing and eye-catching criteria well. Chose the male mold method as I was only going to make one of these. Doing a wet layup over foam, I would dig out/melt the foam afterward then fill and finish the outer surfaces for the completed product.
Later design change involved filling imperfections in the foam core with bondo, then covering with packing tape before the wet layup. Did you know that the solvents in bondo attack polystyrene foam? Me neither. Fortunately, I'd bought the gallon-size bondo can since it was only 5 bucks more than the quart-size (which wasn't a quart) and wasn't sure a quart would do it. After enough iterations chasing my tail filling and sanding, smoothing, filling and sanding some more I got the plug about where I needed it. Trying to keep my options open, figured I'd slather on some finish to fill any pores in the bondo and if I went with the wax/mold release method it would produce a better finish for those (kinda spendy) products. Had an old can of spray varnish of some sort and sprayed a nice wet coat onto the bondo surface... Sadly, whatever is in that stuff also eats foam. That resulted in multiple more craters anywhere the bondo was thin enough the solvents would get through. Yet more filling and sanding. Sheesh!
Finally, I'd had enough of chemistry not playing nice with others so just stuck the tape on it and called it good. It's probably ok.
The bottom edges of the layup form a flange to attach it to the top of the turtledeck. this required forming an inside radius, and I don't have a vacuum pump to suck the layup into it. Next best thing, I cut some strips and clamped them over the flanges and into that radius. Similar clamping setup as I used during rib construction.
Another do-over. After the first wet layup cured, I removed the peel ply to discover gobs of voids and air bubbles in the layup. It looked ok before I laid down the peel ply but I must have somehow worked them in smoothing that out. Any self-respecting Rutan-builder or composite guy would have had kittens looking at the finished layup. I took a more pragmatic look at it and realized it will take more work to smooth out the visible flaws in this first prototype than to just do another wet layup. (And try not to screw this one up.)
Headcomb 2.0: Second attempt used the exact same jig, setup, ingredients and all the rest of it with the lone exception of how I went about it (technique). This time I wetted out all three laminations on a single piece of poly and laid them as a single wet blanket onto the jig instead of one at a time. Next, my hangar neighbor had seen my stubby stipple brush, shook his head and loaned me his composite rollers (I didn't know that was even a thing). The rollers were just the thing to work out any bubbles and ensure the plys were completely wetted out. I left off the peel ply so I could see if any bubbles magically appeared while it cured. Worked like a champ. I will need to surface fill the weave, but this should be a minor fill and sand step compared to fixing prototype 1.
I cut 1" strips of some heavier glass and added two layers of this to the bottom flanges to help thicken them up and add a bit more strength where they're screwed to the turtledeck. Added a forward bulkhead set an inch back to help stiffen things up a little and anchor a future headrest. At three plys the sides are still pretty flexible, so I glassed a pair of 3/8" foam strips on each side back to about the ELT antenna mount (21"). Three plys encapsulate these foam strips which is probably overkill. Yeah, the sides are very stiff now. Could've used 1/4" foam which would have form fitted the interior better and still been more than rigid enough.
Filling the weave now covering the outside of the layup presented lots of options. First tried Poly-fiber Super Fill (the blue stuff) it's nice stuff to work with, but a bit thick for what I was trying to do... took more sanding. Next up was PPG K36 high-build primer. This stuff works nice too. Sprayed on the first coat, then wet-sanded it out expecting to be done. After drying it off and inspecting for pinholes and such, discovered lots of small areas of weave that needed some more. Second coat did the trick. Wet-sanded it out and it's ready for topcoats. I think we're done here.
The "headrest" at the forward end of the headcomb will be upholstered in the same stuff as the cockpit combing, stuffed into the forward end and anchored with screws through the fiberglass. A wood block would have sufficed, but anybody could do that. Besides, Think how heavy that would be. So, the plan is a 1/16"ply framed with 3/4" spruce strips around the perimeter for the anchor screws and upholstery staples to sink into. A quasi-loose fit will allow room for the upholstery covering and still fit the open end of the headcomb. It's probably ok... for now.


 
Nov 23, 2021     Dipole Comm Antenna - (5.5 hours)       Category: Avionics
Bonded a composite (looks like carbon fiber) dipole antenna to a thin mahogany lamination. This will be installed in an aft fuselage bay just aft of the storage cabinet. Steam-bent the mahogany laminations, formed around a circular form, epoxy varnished, then bonded the wafer-thin flexible antenna to the lamination to provide support..
Turns out I didn't take any pictures of any of that. This will be the VHF Comm antenna

Ideal orientation is vertical, but space limitations required the bend to fit the aft fuselage, getting it as vertical as possible given the space available. Also radio theory (as in Theory) claims placement inside a steel-tube fuselage is the equivalent of putting it inside a Faraday cage. I don't deny that, but depending on design, fabrication and I'm sure a host of other factors a Faraday cage can be more or less effective. In Practice, (as in out here in the real world) there are several examples of this working. Is it an ideal situation? No.
However, it's probably ok. Comm radio use in an open-cockpit biplane is an exercise in compromise anyway (insert long list here) and as such is likely as not to be limited to in-the-traffic-pattern operations. Limited transmission range or odd signal blanking will likely be good enough... most of the time.
Thinking of installing a Trig Comm radio. I have one in the RV that works well. Control head fits a 2-1/4" hole in the panel and it's maybe an inch deep. The remote T/R box it connects with is maybe 2-1/2" square by about 6 inches long and can mount anywhere.


 
Nov 01, 2021     storage Cabinet - (38.0 hours)       Category: Fuselage
Decided to fabricate the storage cabinet behind the pilot's headrest from 1/16" ply and 1/8" ply base. Scarfed the 1/16" ply top together from five scraps left over from the wing leading edges. Made a paper template by wrapping around the foam buck to determine the required shape/size of the 1/16" top. Likewise, I created a paper template for the 1/8" ply bottom by taping together sections fitted on top of the aft longerons in the desired location. Transferred the templates shapes to the two plywood pieces. In order to keep the structure as light as possible I wanted to minimize any unnecessary structural support. I formed tabs on the bottom edges of the top and corresponding slots in the bottom. Flexing the 1/16" ply around the foam buck, I fitted the tabs into the bottom slots and the structure became self-supporting, even though it was only dry-fitted in place.
Epoxying and clamping the two halves together required some creative clamping using cargo straps. Object was to clamp the glued joints tightly without deforming the very lightweight and flexible structure in the process.
The aft bulkhead is also 1/16" ply and is glued in place utilizing 1/4" capstrip.
For those who like to keep score, I weighed the completed box after it was completely finished... 3 lb, 10 oz. plus another ounce and a half for the attach hdwe.
Didn't think to weigh it before finishing, but I wouldn't have guessed it weighed nearly four pounds! I mixed up two batches of epoxy varnish during the finishing steps: an 8 oz and a 6 oz batch. Some share of it flashed off and any that wasn't stuck to the box either fell to the floor as overspray or was disposed of, but it wasn't much more than a dribble in the bottom of the spray cup.
The structure is fitted around the shoulder harness support tubes and held in place on the longerons by four screws through the bottom and threaded inserts on the forward edge of the top piece will be used to hold it to the formed steel angle behind the pilot's seat. There is also a single D-ring tiedown lug located in the center of the box for securing items.
After epoxy varnishing, the unit is secured to the longerons under the rest of the turtledeck structure.


 
Oct 26, 2021     Foam cores - (8.5 hours)       Category: Fuselage
Cut a pair of foam cores from pink construction foam (polystyrene). Used the hot-wire technique used by Rutan-style builders and modelers for decades. Borrowed the cutting frame constructed of EMT conduit. Nichrome cutting wire was broken, so replaced with 0.020" stainless safety wire. Tensioning was accomplished with a turnbuckle on the top wire. Power source was a 16VAC model train transformer ca.1963 borrowed from another neighbor. A 19V computer power source would have also worked. The foam was cut from a full sheet, the cut pieces stacked and glued together with spray adhesive.
Templates were cut from scrap 1/8 and 1/4' fiber board and attached with large nails pushed into the foam. The preparation process took the majority of the time to complete these steps. Once heated, the wire cutting process took only a few minutes.
The wider core will be used as a buck to fabricate a 1/16" plywood box to fit behind the pilot seat on top of the longerons under the turtledeck. The longer, tapered core will be used as a male mold forming a wet layup fiberglass headcomb. The last photo shows their relative positions on the aft fuselage.
The plan is to locate the GPS antenna "farm" under the headcomb, out of sight, as it will be fiberglass and transparent to the gps signals.
Ultimately, everything in the pictures will be tossed out and only the shapes will be retained (hopefully) in the completed components.


 
Sep 21, 2021     Belly access panels - (32.0 hours)       Category: Fuselage
Decided to run sheet metal on the belly aft from the firewall, past the forward gear attach as shown on the plans, all the way back to the point where the aft wing spar attaches. This comes in the form of two additional panels aft of the one in the plans attaching to the firewall.
I started with the aft-most belly pan constructing a framework of 3/4 X 3/4" .063 angle to frame the opening and attach the pan. These will allow access under the cockpit floors without removing them or standing on ones head to service systems located there. The middle pan is the smallest, just over a foot length fore-aft and will locate just aft of the forward gear mounts. The fabric covering on the fuselage will wrap down the sides, over the lower longerons and then glue down onto the 3/4 angle framing these openings. Nutplates will be installed along their length to allow #8 machine screws to hold the panels in place.
I installed two transverse stiffening "ribs" across the aft-most pan and antenna attach doublers for ADS-B installation. Two pads for two xpndr antennas- one for "In" or receive and one for "Out" or transmit. I don't know why, just what.
The smaller, now middle pan got a larger doubler for an external VHF Comm antenna. I intend to install a VHF Comm dipole antenna inside the aft fuselage and out of sight, but in the event it doesn't work, that pad will be available. More about that later.
The forward-most belly pan attaches to the lower firewall and requires some shrinking along the aft edge to conform to the fuselage bottom former it meets there. Also installed a pair of longitudinal stiffeners in this forward belly pan. This should complete the bottom of the fuselage pre-covering work.


 
Sep 17, 2021     Rudder trim Tab - (10.3 hours)       Category: Controls
Decided a rudder trim tab would be a good idea, so chopped a notch in the rudder to accept a ground-adjustable trim tab. Fabbed the tab from leftover aileron spar spruce. Tapered same, then laminated 1/16" birch ply on the outside for added strength and stability. Epoxy varnished and added a piano hinge at the leading edge. The piano hinge will be riveted to the rudder structure post covering.
At the bottom of the tab, a metal tab will be screwed to the tab and a single screw will lock the tab in position on the rudder trailing edge. Fabbed multiple adjusting tabs which will individually adjust the tab in 5 degree increments up to 25 degrees. Test-flying will determine which tab functions best.


 
Sep 01, 2021     Main gear leg ribs - (6.5 hours)       Category: Paint / Decals
In preparation for covering, decided to add wood ribs to the gear legs, attached to the steel ribs. These are hopefully an aesthetic improvement to the overall appearances.
Inspired by Hans and Sam and their Vintage Hatz, they also added leading edge scallops to their legs, a trailing edge and a fuselage-to-gear leg intersection fairing... Sheesh! If I knew how they did it I would shamelessly attempt to copy them. Sadly, I don't have the first clue.


 
Jul 20, 2021     Stainless Steel Firewall       Category: Firewall
Laid out the firewall shape on a sheet of stainless steel. Fabbed a full-scale half-firewall paper template and glued it to 1/4" foam core. Then transferred to the steel. Cut it to shape with the pictured "12 inch hand shear" which is what the label says it is, but it has a four-foot handle to operate said "hand" shear. I guess it refers to its method of operation as opposed to, say, "hydraulic/diesel" shear. No curved cuts with this baby, just lots of short, 1-1/2 to 2" length cuts, then rounded to smooth with hand files.
Put a machined or "turned" finish on the front surface using an angle die grinder. First laid out a 2" x 2" grid with a sharpie pen, then the Grinder was fitted with a 2" scotchbrite wheel and dabbed with valve grinding compound. Simply followed the grid by hand. It's not perfect or as neat as if I had used a drill press or mechanical indexing method, but I think good enough as only small portions of it will be visible at any given point.
Next steps will be to bend it forward 13.5 degrees at the level of the top of the top longerons. The edge will then be fitted with 3/4 x 3/4 angle around the perimeter.
Stainless steel angle is very stiff stuff to bend into the curve required for the firewall perimeter. Contemplated cutting/notching the edge to be riveted to the firewall or replacing with 0.062" extruded angle and shrinking to fit/form, but settled on the stainless. Made it work by first trimming the to be riveted edge to 1/2" width to allow easier forming, then heated/annealed same edge to allow use of fluting pliers (vise grips) to "shrink" the edge to conform to the firewall shape. I used 1/8" c'sunk rivets to produce a smoother firewall surface and allow for easier cleaning from an ongoing maintenance standpoint, plus the mating dimpled surfaces should allow for higher shear strength in the assembled flange.
I also used pro-seal between the flange and firewall and riveted it up while wet. This in hopes of mitigating any CO migration to the cockpit from the firewall-forward areas.


 
Jul 09, 2021     Throttle quadrants fabrication - (19.5 hours)       Category: Controls
Decided to fabricate the throttle quadrants as they seem to be a better fit than what I've seen commercially available.... and of course way cheaper. Traced the shapes off the full size drawings and glued to 1/4" Masonite, then trimmed away everything that didn't look like the part resulting in a pattern jig the router could follow. I rough-cut the parts with the bandsaw and sabre saw, drilled the template and parts 3/16" to accept -6 (3/16') rivets and stuck them together. A few minutes at the router table for each piece and I had a bunch of quadrant parts.
A note about router safety: I used a foam rubber grout float (pictured) to hold the small bits securely while routing them. Its squishy foam surface grips well and importantly, keeps your digits well clear that bit.
Routing the Internal openings also has it's challenges. It can be less than intuitive which way the work should be moved through the cutter (hence the arrows drawn on the table insert noting cutter rotation) when working in the opening. Take a moment to ensure the cutting edge cuts against the direction of travel of the workpiece, not with it. When approaching an internal corner go slowly, maybe try to trim some off the edge opposite the corner you are approaching. When the bit starts cutting on opposite sides, as it does when plunged into an internal corner, it can get jumpy especially the more material it has to cut, requiring firm control of the workpiece.
The outer plates are fabbed from 1/8" aluminum plate using the same template but cut on the bandsaw and edges smoothed as a single unit. They were then powder coated and match-reamed with the nylon spacers and the rest of the assemblies.
The control levers were also cut out of 1/8" plate on the bandsaw, drilled on the drill press, then slots cut with the angle die grinder using a cutoff wheel. After smoothing them, the innermost and outermost levers were bent at the bottoms per the plans to allow the AN665 connectors room to move past one another. Then polished and began assembly. The lever knobs are out of stock at ACS, may have to shop around a bit more, or turn some of my own on the neighbor's lathe... TBD. Depending on lever knob design, the levers may need some bending on top as well to allow things to pass by one another.
Also fabbed interconnecting rods between the quadrants. AN3 bolts were welded into 5/16" steel tubes, AN665 clevis' were threaded onto the welded bolt ends and the whole works powder coated.


 
Jun 30, 2021     Powder coating the welded structures - (5.0 hours)       Category: Paint / Decals
Loaded up the fuselage on my buddies car trailer and drove it to the Extreme Powder Coating shop in Blooming Prairie, MN. Also loaded in the truck the seats, control pushrods, landing gear, cabanes, engine mount, stabilizers, elevators and rudder. Pretty much the full list of completed welded structures that are too big for me to coat on my own. They said they should have it done in 2-3 weeks, as they can fit it into their schedule. I have pictures, but they're on my iPhone... HEIC format, not supported and I'm not smart enough to convert to something useable. Will get shots when I pick it up that will work and post them. Turns out I took a couple shots before I loaded everything up that I can post. The fuselage was strapped to the trailer on top of the padded sawhorses shown and everything else tossed in the truck.
Meanwhile, I have a target-rich environment in the shop. Pretty much any direction I turn there is something I could be working on, including varnishing floors, side stringer assemblies and other various wood bits. Cutting, drilling and routing all the bits for the throttle quadrants is in-process as is the ground-adjustable rudder trim tab. Cleaning up the place, organizing and planning for the next phase of the operation is also in order.


 
May 10, 2021     Anchor points on the firewall       Category: Firewall
In preparing to get the fuselage out the door to the powder coaters, I needed to finish sticking the remaining tabs to the firewall... as soon as I figured out where they should go. Took the fuse off the rotisserie, mounted on the gear and had full access to put stuff where it needs to be.
The firewall itself is going to be constructed of 0.025" stainless steel sheet and does not tolerate having heavy stuff bolted to it, particularly in a high-vibration installation, without adequate support. Even small stuff simply bolted/screwed to a firewall will vibrate enough over the long run to produce cracking in the thin stainless. There will be more small stuff attached to the firewall, but backing plates and wide area washers help distribute the loads to minimize or eliminate the cracking problem. Pictured are the battery box, gascolator, master and starter solenoids and the oil cooler and duct adapter. There is also tabs for the engine to firewall ground lug and fuel line support tabs on the aft side of the firewall going to the gascolator.
Fourth picture shows typical jigging to hold a pair of tabs in the proper position for tacking/welding and wood bracing for the shaky ol' welder to rest his hand(s).
The bottom row of pictures displays a recent discovery: With the firewall in place, all those tabs I stuck to the firewall tubes are almost exactly 1/8" off the rear surface of the firewall. Screwing through the firewall to attach heavy stuff will likely suck the stainless in excessively and promote cracking and a funny look.
The culprit(s) are the four 1/8" steel disks I welded in place where the engine mount pads land. These will also hold the stainless that 1/8" off the tube surfaces. Pondering the fix, but right now looks like 1/8" spacers behind the firewall in the screwed-down areas... TBD
Update: Yup, added 1/8" thick aluminum spacers to each firewall penetration tab, riveted to the tabs with the nutplates.


 
Apr 28, 2021     A couple of discoveries. - (49.0 hours)       Category: Landing Gear
Was finishing up sticking tabs to the fuselage when I needed a bunch added to the firewall structure. So, removed the rotisserie and placed the fuselage on the landing gear (as a plus, it looks more like progress that way too). After finishing welding the added tabs to the firewall area, figured I could re-install the rudder pedals and cables and get in to ensure I get the heel brake levers "clocked" correctly on their shafts before drilling for AN-3 bolts. Since I had already welded the shafts to the torque arm that connects to the master cylinders, this meant I would have to drill the aluminum pedals to the chro-moly steel shafts to complete this. Given their location, doing it in place accurately was going to be a problem. Left them to sit a few weeks while monkeying with other bits, hoping for inspiration to strike in the form of a clever solution to drilling these. Best suggestion I received was a simple and elegant solution IF I hadn't already welded the arms to the shafts: Simply drill the pedals to the shafts in the drill press first, THEN install and clock everything, and only then tack the arms to the shafts in place. Brilliant! Except this would now involve a lot of backing up... cutting the arms off the shafts, fabbing new arms or cleaning up the cut off ones, putting the fuse back in the rotisserie etc, etc. I'm slow enough as it is and getting older by the minute. Who's got time for that? Finally admitted to myself building a drill jig wouldn't be that much trouble and would get me the accurately-located hole(s) I was looking for. Worked like a champ! Pedals clocked just slightly forward allows simultaneous full rudder deflection and still get my size 12 planted on the pedal face.
The other rude surprise that was also some time in the making involved the brake calipers, or more correctly their torque plates. Completed the landing gear construction last year to the letter of Drawing 17 unfortunately. Found an error in the plans I was unaware of until this week. Possibly, I missed my distance-learning homework assignment and others already knew about this and have included it in the known-about list of problems with the plans,,, I don't recall having seen anything about it. Goes like this: Big note at the bottom of Dwg. 17 states "Rotate brake mounting flange 7 degrees to allow clearance when aircraft is sitting on tailwheel". It also shows a caliper located aft of the strut angled up from the horizontal by about 7 degrees. I am here to tell you that won't work. A horizontal caliper or even slightly angled down one will. The drawing even shows the interference I discovered, the top corner of the caliper interferes with the aft gear leg strut. Since I wasn't going to cut the mounting flange off the axle or re-drill it in place (it's 1/8" steel), my solution was to re-locate the calipers to the forward side of the axles. This is exactly where my Cessna 180 and my neighbors Cessna 140 calipers are located. Probably ok.
Takeaway lesson: Build it to fit regardless what the plans have to say about something. (Trust but Verify)
A follow-up to the caliper-gear leg interference issue: I saw a photo somewhere on the interwebs of a (Hatz?) caliper bolted to the brake torque flange with spacer bushings about 1/2" long. News flash! This would solve the interference problem and shorten the length of axle on the outboard side of the wheels. A similar length 1-1/2" ID bushing slipped over the axle tube inboard of the wheel would allow the inboard wheel bearings to ride against that bushing instead of the telescoped tube the axles are welded into. Bottom line: The bushings move the whole mess, brake calipers, wheel bearings etc. outboard about 1/2" providing clearance with the aft gear leg and less excess axle stub on the outboard side of the wheels.


 
Apr 15, 2021     Fuselage top skin attach - (10.5 hours)       Category: Fuselage
The fuselage top skins are attached to the square tubing outboard of the top longerons. The mystery (to me) of why these 1/2" square tubes are specified to be 0.065" thick material is clarified by numerous builders utilizing "nutserts" (there is nothing in the plans about this or the attach hardware). Nutsert threaded inserts are installed similar to a pop rivet using a heavy duty install tool, and the thicker wall tubing allows the nutsert to grip better. There is a similar product called a rivnut, which I have used before and would characterize as "LAME", not recommended for installation in anything traveling higher or faster than a skateboard.
I am given to understand Nutserts are more robust than the aforementioned rivnuts, but I'm not willing to trust. So, I am welding 0.035" tabs to the square tube which will accept #8 machine screw tinnerman-style nuts. This choice is likely to be heavier, more expensive and take longer to fabricate the first prototype than if I had sucked it up and just used the Nutserts...
Another reason I went with the tabs is that they can be angled to match the contour of the top skins as they meet the fabric covered fuselage sides, allowing the machine screws to insert normal to the skin surface instead of at a slight angle. Hopefully, this would improve the appearance of the longitudinal line of screws along these seams. A smart guy (read Murray Marien of Saskatoon) would have simply installed these square tube side stringers rotated at the slight angle required for the hardware to attach normal to the skin surface going directly into the Nutserts. Way to go Murray, nice job!
Twenty-six tabs later I have attach points, but not all the way to the firewall... I tabbed the square tube as far as it goes but it stops at the point where the steel side formers meet it. I am presuming at this point that the side skins just aft of the firewall meet the top skins along that line at that location and nutplates are installed in the top edge of the side skin to which the top skin is screwed. Therefore, no longeron-like square tube with tabs or Nutserts is required beyond this point.


 
Apr 03, 2021     Aft Fuselage Bottom Cover - (5.5 hours)       Category: Fuselage
Fabbed the fuselage aft bottom cover. Three screws along the forward edge hold it in place along with the aft bracket that slips over the forward tailspring mount tube. Shamelessly copied the design from D. Simmons' Hatz Classic #006.


 
Mar 27, 2021     Fuel Valve - (4.5 hours)       Category: Fuel System
Fuel valve attach bracket jigged in position prior to welding to the fuselage. Aaaand then welded.
The valve control torque tube is supported by a short length of tube welded to the fuselage vertical tube near the rear cockpit and support farther forward required a tab with a snap bushing.


 
Feb 04, 2021     Bobka's Tool Mine       Category: Tools
Chris has loaned or allowed me access to several of his tools on multiple occasions for which I owe him beer-for-life. So It was again. I needed to either build a larger bending brake, or cajole him into allowing me to again use his. Ancient though it is, (Turns out they date to before the Great War, big brass data plates note they were built in 1913 and Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated the summer of 1914) the things are as accurate as you care to set them up. Repeatable results all day long if one wished, and no batteries! In fact, no concerns whatsoever of offending touchy microprocessors, power surges, static electricity or any grid-related mayhem. I used them before in fabricating the fuel tank tub and later the aileron spars, but didn't take any pictures. This time was a 5-minute bend-up job, and so took the time for a complete hangar tour and pictures.
Chris has been collecting for years parts to a WWII vintage, RCAF Bristol Blenheim bomber. It looks to be enough parts and his intent to make one good one from the better part of two stacked in half the hangar. That's an outer wing panel pictured behind the shear. If or when he gets around to it, the project represents an enormous sheet metal job just in resurrecting the airframe. Engines, props, systems and the rest makes me happy I only have a simple biplane project!


 
Jan 09, 2021     Blue Tape - (3.2 hours)       Category: Fuselage
Progress as of lately has been slow. Goes like this: Determine location for a selection of postage stamp sized tabs which are generally not in the plans, establish dimensions for same including thicknesses, do some homework reviewing other designers biplane plans to try to figure out what they did, evaluate if two tabs in a select location are adequate or would one be better? Once the aforementioned has been completed/determined, begin fabrication in preparation to weld in place onto the fuselage structure. This process includes cutting the steel, be it plate, angle or tube, round or rectangular, then machining, drilling or other processes. Not necessarily in that order. Once complete, cleaning is necessary to ensure a proper weld, buffing the component to bare metal and wiping off with acetone to ensure no contaminates remain on the part to be welded. That's half the job. Next up the location on the fuselage structure needs the same cleaning process. Buffing top bare metal, chemically cleaning.
But wait! Should these tabs include riveted/welded nutplates or is it possible to install them once welded in position? Oh yeah, are there possible interference issues locating them here since everything seems to intersect everything else in an airplane. Take a moment to be sure... as sure as one can be at this point.
Once fabbed, drilled/machined, deconflicted and presumably located correctly they need to be jigged in position. Since holding with ones fingers a small tab while welding with white-hot plasma less than an inch away is largely impractical, they need a fixture to hold them in place. Just about every one of these requires a different combination of clamps, bars, threaded rod or other fixture. Even symmetrical tabs will each require a different setup due to access issues a right-handed rookie welder faces while contorted within a steel tube truss structure. Once jigged in place, aforesaid welder will also likely need some level of support as well. Often as not there is no place to brace ones hands using fine motor skills to perform the weld, usually necessitating clamping a board or other fixture in place for such support... for each such weld.
So today I stuck a labeled piece of blue masking tape at each location on the fuselage where each of these tabs should be welded in place, and a number of other weldments such as tubes, angles and frames. When I couldn't think of any more I stepped back looking at the cumulative process remaining. The fuselage structure was festooned top to bottom in little blue swatches of tape. Each one (or pair) requiring the process outlined above.
The above exercise is to prepare the fuselage for painting/powder coating. Since I don't wish to discover I need to add some weldments AFTER having painted or powder coated the structure.


 
Nov 21, 2020     Raising the shoulder harness restraint Level - (9.5 hours)       Category: Fuselage
Okay, it's not in the plans but I think I need to do this. Being 6'-2" I don't fit a lot of things and from the second picture below one can observe my sitting height (without a seat cushion in this case) places my shoulders a few inches above the upper longeron level. The design shoulder harness position has them coming across the upper longeron crosstubes which is too low for me. The concern is if they are ever required in extremis and they are mounted too low relative to the shoulder level, then excessive spinal compressive loads may cause more injuries. Reviewing Tony Bingelis books Aircraft Construction Methods, Dave Russo's book "Construction of Tubular Steel Fuselages" and Van's Aircraft builders manual recommends a range of angles from no lower than 5 degrees below shoulder level to avoid this problem.
The structure pretty stout. The crossmembers are 7/8"X .058" (most of the fuse structure is 3/4"X .035") and the four support legs and braces are 3/4"X .049". The only other structures using this dimension stuff are the landing gear legs, engine mount and tailpost. Probably okay.


 
Nov 15, 2020     Fuselage bottom stringer construction - (22.0 hours)       Category: Fuselage
The bottom of the fuselage will be fabric covered from about the rear spar attach point aft to a point forward of the tail spring. Stringers will extend between steel hoops anchored at those locations. These stringers are the same hat-section aluminum material used on the upper turtledeck. There are four, requiring additional support between the two steel formers at each end, similar again to the upper turtledeck. Soft, 3/8" aluminum tubing formers attached to 1/4" dia steel tube stubs welded to the lower longerons, located approx 16-18 inches apart.
Forward of the aft spar attach, the center 18" of the belly will receive removable aluminum panels to access systems and areas below the cockpit floors. The openings for these panels are framed in 3/4" .063 aluminum angle


 
Nov 14, 2020     Turtledeck construction - (42.0 hours)       Category: Fuselage
Okay, so this portion of the build is going to take a while completing and will be coming back to it periodically. Starts with the steel "hoop" welded to the top longerons behind the pilot's seat, to which aluminum "hat section" stringers are attached which taper aft towards the tail. The "hoop" starts as 4130 steel plate approx 1-1/2" wide, is bent into a 3/4"X3/4" angle then one edge is "shrunk" forming the curved shape. I formed it in two halves because I couldn't bend up a single piece in my brake and didn't have a long enough piece anyway. Will weld the two together after shrinking. This chromoly 4130 steel in condition N is remarkably tough and springy. This is a good thing when building race cars or airplane fuselages one intends to strap their soft, pink butt into someday. However, shrinking it as-is can make for a long day. Shrinking a 2-ft piece every inch will result in about a 1/4" bow in the piece (this is not much). As a casual observer of most things metallurgical, on a functional level I reasoned annealing the flange to be shrunk may soften it enough to achieve the shaping I required. I did so with a Mapp-gas torch (O-A would work too) and the first picture below shows the results of the first pass through the shrinker for both halves. Much improved results. The part quickly work-hardens and may need additional torch work if not completed on the first pass.
Small, bent up V's with welded tabs were fabbed and welded to the aft side of the completed hoop, which is then welded in it's entirety to the top longerons. These V's are used to mount the aluminum hat-section stringers via blind rivets.
The top turtledeck aluminum stringers are supported aft of the tabbed steel hoop by four aluminum hoops fashioned from 3/8" soft aluminum tubing as seen in the fourth picture. Each progressively smaller, these aluminum hoops are anchored to top longerons by short lengths (approx 3/4") of 1/4" X .035 steel tubes. The hoops slip over the top of these stubs and will be drilled & pinned in place with cotter pins. The hat-section aluminum stringers rest on top of the aluminum hoops where the plans call for 1/16" pop rivets - haven't found any such pulled rivets yet- maybe they exist, but I think I can use 3/32" pulled rivets, those I can find. Interestingly, the stringers do not project aft in a straight line as they collectively converge, but have a very slight outwards bow similar to the side stringers. As the fuselage side fabric comes up from the wood side stringers onto the aluminum turtledeck stringers, it bridges the upper longerons leaving a flat spot in the curved side. To eliminate the flat spot a shaped mahogany strip will be bonded to the longerons aft of the tabbed steel hoop at station 84, terminating at station 151, just under the horizontal stab leading edge. This strip will act as another side stringer shaping the fabric as it comes up around the fuselage.
Finding the right shape for the aluminum tubing formers is becoming a bit of an iterative process. Initially bent the four to the shape shown in the drawings after blowing them up 400%. Good concept, bad in practice. Only three of them would fit the fuselage at the alleged locations and their sorta elliptical shape, though looking good on paper, don't taper properly behind the welded hoop at the front which is essentially a semicircle. Also, there is the matter of bellying out the stringers similar to the wood stringers below... not observed. Established cardboard templates for each tubing location to achieve said tapers, then re-bent tubes to match. Complicating matters, the headcomb yet to be fabbed screws to the top of the turtledeck into two 3/4 X 3/4" aluminum angles which run along the top of the turtledeck on either side of the headcomb. The angle's flanges point down from the surface of the turtledeck top interfering with the bent aluminum tubing formers. To avoid cutting or notching the angle's flanges, I bent a flat spot at the tops of each former to allow clearance for the angle.
I'm thinking now it really doesn't matter notching the lower flange on these top angles and will now re-form the tubing formers back into a curved top shape, notching the angle as necessary. The angles will be pop-riveted to the formers like the hat section stringers and the resulting structure plenty strong along the top even with the notched flanges on the angles.


 
Nov 07, 2020     Cockpit floors - (27.0 hours)       Category: Interior Finish
Began the cockpit floors with the forward pair. Forward cockpit floor is in two pieces, a left and right split longitudinally down the middle. Made a cardboard template (didn't get a picture of it before I tossed it) of the right half first, then after using it to fab the right floorboard, flipped it over to produce the left floorboard. Two identical 3/16" thick acft plywood blanks were used. Seems kinda thin for floorboards, although this stuff is pretty stiff and they are criss-crossed with all kinds of support from below, the two panels would flex past one another along the centerline. Scribbled outside the lines a little by bonding strips to the right panel along the centerline and installing T-nuts so the two panels will now screw together along the centerline. The third picture shows the bend in the forward floorboards. The forward floor panels also require cutouts for the rudder pedal pivots. I waited until the panels were installed before locating these cutouts from below to ensure an accurate cut and full rudder pedal travel.
Will likely install some sort of anti-chafe plates behind the rudder pedal locations near the heel brakes. TBD.
The aft floorboard is one piece and steps up one inch from the forward ones. The aft floor requires spacers bonded to the bottom to lift it off the steel framework and longer screws to attach it to the installed nutplates. Spacers for the rear floor are bonded to each of the aft ends of the forward floor panels and threaded inserts installed to accept the #8 machine screws holding the aft floor in place.


 
Oct 08, 2020     TIG welder       Category: Tools
This is my TIG welder. I have an oxy-acetylene setup but after years of fumbling with nozzles, regulator settings, pressures, hoses, torches, etc, etc my skills are suitable for repairing broken garden gate hardware or the undersides of disabled farm equipment. Dunno, just haven't figured it out.
As TIG welders go (GTAW in current welding parlance) this box is pretty simple, dated and outclassed by the newer stuff out there (kinda like me). I discovered the TIG welding seems much like O/A but simpler and easier to control. The non-consumable tungsten electrode creates the arc much like the O/A torch would and you add filler metal to the subsequent puddle created. The inert gas (argon) flows through the handpiece, out the nozzle where the tungsten electrode is exposed and envelops the weld area keeping the air (O2 and nitrogen) from contaminating/oxidizing the weld puddle. There are basically two adjustments on this machine when I'm set up for steel welding; one, set the argon flow rate (its a ballpark value initially), two, Amperage. That's it.
When performing the weld, the foot pedal is like the accelerator pedal on your car, but all the way to the floor is limited to the amperage set on the front control panel. Ground the workpiece, Start the arc by pressing on the pedal. If you need more heat press harder. The neat part is when you need less heat, let up on the pedal. This is very helpful to avoid burning through thin materials or working along an edge you wish not to burn off. This can be tougher on an O/A setup trying to adjust the torch on the fly.
Lots of helpful books and videos out there. Youtube of course, but the EAA website also has good videos and an entire section devoted to TIG welding.


 
Oct 08, 2020     Warco bender       Category: Tools
Another cool tool I didn't even know existed until Chris brought it into the shop one afternoon. I'm pretty sure it's English and it's largly constructed of welded plate steel. It's a bending brake with about an 8 or 9" width capacity. Two large bolts clamp the brake bar down on the workpiece so it's held in place rigidly. The really cool part is the brake bar (actually a multiple set of bars each with a different bending radius) has a specific radius edge which can be critical when bending thicker or stiffer materials. The thumbscrews on the back of the bender adjust to allow more or less setback on the brake bar and keep it from sliding back when the bending brake is lifted. The whole unit bolts to a stout tabletop as it takes some force to lift the brake bar when bending these thicker materials. Bending the heavy gauge weldments with this tool made the process a non-event.


 
Oct 08, 2020     Shrinker/Stretcher       Category: Tools
Fuselage requires a section of formed angle in several locations. This angle is shrunk along one edge causing it to curve and so act as formers of one sort or another. Initially bought the Harbor Freight set (still in the box) on reports they do a decent enough job for the one-off type thing as this. Friend Chris was in the shop and spotted the box, claimed I wouldn't even unpack them when I used what he had for me. Showed up the next day with the air-driven floor stand model. He was right. Shop air attaches to the foot pedal on the floor next to it. Both hands are free to hold and maneuver the workpiece. One side is the stretcher, the other the shrinker jaws.


 
Oct 05, 2020     Side stringer construction - (71.0 hours)       Category: Fuselage
Began construction of the side stringers earlier with full size templates of the wood formers/spreaders required at four locations along the fuselage sides. The forward end of these side stringers anchor to a formed steel angle welded to the fuse. It is 0.035" 4130 steel formed into a 3/4/ x 3/4" angle and shrunk along one side to form the required curve. Tabs are welded in six spaced locations along each steel former to which the wood stringers will attach. First photo shows initial curve developing after a few passes through the shrinker. The topmost penciled curve is the required curve for these pieces. The piece work hardens after multiple passes through the shrinker. I heated the edge that had been through the shrinker, effectively annealing it which allowed me to continue to shrink to the required curve. Began the wood side stringers construction by picking up 8', clear, straight-grained 3/4" mahogany boards on the aviation aisle at Menards. Ripped the boards into 1" strips then ripped again the strips into two 1"X5/16"strips each. Next, routed a roundover along the edges. The stringers are something like 14 feet long, so each stringer requires two of these strips scarfed together end-to-end using a 12:1 minimum slope on the scarfed ends. The stringers are spaced (6 each side) along the side by four wood formers and the formed, curved steel angle at their forward end.
Used foam-core tagboard to lay out the side former templates and fabricate them from 1/4" birch veneer aircraft plywood. Also used in determining/confirming the stringer layout and spacing along the sides. Once fabbed, the wood side formers are attached to the fuselage with two welded steel tabs each... Sixteen steel tabs each requiring individual jigging to locate and hold them in place while welding. No specifications for these tabs in the plans. I used 0.065" X 5/8" X 1" 4130 steel tabs and #8 machine screw hardware.
Wood stringers and formers will receive three coats of PloyFiber epoxy varnish prior to assembly.


 
Oct 02, 2020     Fuselage Rotisserie - (11.5 hours)       Category: Tools
Built a rotisserie stand (actually two stands) to improve access when welding/installing all the bits and internals on the fuselage. Had seen others use one and can appreciate the ease of rotating it vs flopping around on the benchtop hoping it doesn't get loose and bending or denting something. Especially now that many tabs and formers will soon be stuck on the outside of the frameworks and vulnerable to bending or damage.
Stands are scrap from Gary Rene's Fischer Biplane kit crate and pallets. Being a hopeless scrounger the forward pivot hardware began life as heavy duty television wall mount, although I've seen similar hardware on satellite TV dish mounts. Was going to mount the forward pivot to the engine mount since the four dynafocal rings are in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, and when rotated wouldn't put any wracking on the structure. Something like a threaded steel pipe and pipe flange bolted to plywood clamped to the mount. When I saw the TV mount in the scrap bin, figured I could bolt it to the angled firewall instead and it would swing parallel to the longitudinal axis as I rotated and keep the clamping plate and tube properly oriented on the forward mount. No need to involve the engine mount. The clamping plate is welded to the TV tube and prevents rotation once I have the fuse in position... Just a pair of C-clamps holds everything in place. The tail piece is a 1" steel tube welded to an angle drilled for a pair of U-bolts. The tube then just stabs thru a 1" hole drilled in the aft stand. I split a length of 1" steel tube and used the halves on the forward side of the 7/8" tailpost to prevent the U-bolts from denting it when tightened. Used this clamp for moat of the fuselage weld up process. Later tailpost clamp bolted to the tailspring mount, getting it out of the way for stringer install.
Of note, this thing does take up a lot of real estate in the shop. Depending how successful it works out to be, may have to offload/shorten my trusty 16" fuselage bench. Will need it's flat surfaces putting together the aluminum ailerons before long.


 
Sep 25, 2020     Brakes - (9.0 hours)       Category: Landing Gear
Been working on brake bits for awhile. Got around to starting the fabrication of the master cylinders mount block. It's 3/4" square tube with 5/16" X 0.063" inserts to accept 3/16" bolts. It welds to the lower crosstube below the floor, behind the passenger seat. Didn't have the proper 5/16" tube on hand so called a temporary halt to the operation. I have fabbed and installed the brake torque plates to the axles after I completed main gear assembly on 4/22/2020. Turned these on Dan's lathe and drilled holes to match the Grove brake calipers which bolt to them (these are pretty much a match for Cleveland brakes). Also turned and faced tubes to accept bronze bushings for the heel brake pedal shafts. Still need to install. The heel brake pedals themselves are now on hand (used) and will need a cleanup prior to install. Tried to purchase new manufacture pedals but could only find right ones... Left side is apparently out of production? Hello, Ebay. These pedals, as manufactured, have a bronze insert which needs to be driven out in order to fit the shaft size in the plans. Also the ear opposite the pedal needs to be cut off as well. The reservoir and associated plumbing is also on hand awaiting install. Planning to run the plastic (Nylaflow) brake lines all the way down the gear legs to the brake calipers. Not on the plans, but photos show short, curved steel tube lengths attached to the main gear legs at the top and bottom through which the nylon brake lines are threaded... seems like a good idea. A tab and an adel clamp would likely serve as well. Some have questioned running plastic lines to the calipers as brakes get hot and so do the calipers inviting a brake line failure. On the Hatz, a dragging brake MAY create such a problem, but I think the resultant control pressures/requirements from a dragging brake would be cause for investigation and limiting operation until solved. I have been told the heel brakes are used primarily for holding the Hatz in position during preflight runups and for stopping the aircraft at its parking location. The only plastic brake line brake failure incident I'm aware of was in a Varieze or Longeze. These aircraft have much higher landing speeds, smaller wheels, generally tightly cowled wheel pants and no provision for mechanically connected steering on the ground other than differential braking. Big difference, I'm willing to risk it.


 
Sep 12, 2020     Trim Systems - (8.5 hours)       Category: Controls
Fabbed elevator trim handle and mount, installed same. At the recommendation of Chris Bobka, later added a friction disk to the elevator trim handle. It's a pair of 1-1/2" steel disks sandwiching a leather disk. One steel disk is welded to the handle and the other is welded to the outboard support bracket. A knurled knob will allow adjustable compression (drag) on the disk.
Angled weldment with the nutplate installed on longeron aft of the handle is not in the plans. This is used to anchor the trim cable sheath. An adel clamp will bolt into the installed nutplate to anchor it, allowing the trim cable to function.
Thinking of how to install a rudder trim tab. Two flying Hatz's on the field each without a trim tab and both require constant right rudder inflight. Think I'm going to need one, but would rather it looked more intentional than a scabbed-on afterthought. Observed some older Wacos rudder trim tabs and they seemed to be built into the trailing edge of the rudder much like the elevator tab. Think I'll try this, in the photo, the cardboard mockup is about 5-1/2" X 7-1/2". Using the TLAR analysis and because that's the size of scrap cardboard I had available at the time, I taped it in place. It's probably ok. Upon further review, it will be ground-adjustable (And likely left fixed in position following Phase I testing). First prototype will be wood (ultimately fabric-covered) and attached with a section of piano hinge, as it will only need to displace to the left. How to adjust and fix the tab in a particular displaced position remains a question. Caulk would work (and paint it to match) but I'm thinking a control arm on the tab with a rod that goes into the rudder would look more like the real deal. That rod could be made adjustable by cutting threads on the end inside the rudder and welding a floating nutplate to the adjacent internal rib. Then, adjustment would be accomplished by disconnecting the rod at the tab arm, screwing it further into or out of the nutplate, then reconnecting the rod to the tab arm. Voila! Ground adjustable tab, even after fabric covering.


 
Sep 06, 2020     Lofting Scaled Drawings - (5.5 hours)       Category: Research
Traced multiple curved pieces from full-scale templates included in the drawings to make expendable templates glued to cardboard or foam-core throughout this project. But, only a relatively few in the plans have full-scale templates. Most require/involve a grid (sometimes 1" sometimes 2" sometimes 1/2" I think) on which the curved contours are drawn in typically one-quarter scale. One example is the wingtip bows (they required two, one for around the end of the wing and another for the half-camber of the airfoil). Another is the firewall (only half -- centerline forms one edge). After enough of these, I got tired and bored of the tedium (and my lack of precision) attempting to reliably enlarge and duplicate them, it dawned on me that Kinkos can make big copies... kinda cheaply. Took the scale drawings to them I needed enlarged, put 'em in the BIG printer, selected X400%, pushed the big button and YAY! Full scale templates, and gnat's ass perfect!
Having never experienced an original thought in my life, this is about as close as I come.


 
Sep 06, 2020     Systems installation - (15.5 hours)       Category: Fuselage
With the majority of the structure completed, time to turn to internals. Trim system install, brake system, floors, controls, fuel, etc, etc. Also included will be multiple (as in LOTS) of tabs and angles for stuff to attach to the structure. Formers to support the fuselage stringers and turtle deck structure, cockpit coaming supports. As these will require all-aspect access to fab and weld in place, am planning to remove the gear and mount the fuse on a rotisserie. Following that process, I am planning to either paint the fuse with an epoxy primer or get the structure powder-coated. TBD. Hopefully I won't have forgotten to weld some extraneous tabs or angles in place. First up was the elevator trim system, cable mount, handle and mount etc. Can't put the floor in without first putting in the floor supports. Generally fiddly channel bits fabbed from 3/4" rect tube split down the middle and inserted #8 nutplates before welding usually in outboard corners of each floorboard panel. Started the brake master cylinder mounting bracket but ran out of the size tube required to weld into the fixture so it's on hold until more shows up. Guess I'll put pictures of that in the wheels/brakes section. A couple more systems install include the fuel shutoff valve and ELT bracket mounting tabs.


 
Aug 16, 2020     Engine Mount - (88.0 hours)       Category: Fuselage
I have a Lycoming O-320 with a dynafocal I mount, but the plans only included drawings for a conical mount Lycoming or a Rotec radial. Studied the Dynafocal mount drawings of Pitts, Acrosport, Skybolt and Starduster which are all similar. I essentially copied the designs, inserting the Hatz tube sizing and engine CG location. Initial steps included building/repurposing the former C/S support box from the cabane saga into an engine support and prepping the firewall wrapper gussets to accept the 3/8" mount bolts. The engine support box holds the engine level with the longerons at the proper height when both are blocked on the table. Plans call for zero downthrust and zero cant (usually right, if any) with the engine CG 2" below the longeron centerline. I purchased a Dynafocal ring from ACS&S and bolted it to the engine using the required rubber isolation pucks. Located the engine CG fore-aft per the plans and aligned the engine and fuse C/Ls using taut lines and a laser line. Sandbags on the fuse enhanced mean ol Mr Gravity's ability to keep everything in position while fabricating the mount. Fabbed the four lugs at the aft of the mount that bolt to the firewall using steel bushing mat'l and 1/8" 4130 steel, Then bolted them to the firewall using the modified 3/8" bolts shown in the last photo. (The bolt shanks were ground with three flats along their length to minimize the chance of welding them into the bushings while tacking the mount tubes to the bushings.) All that remained from this point was to connect the dots from the aft lugs to the dynafocal ring. Bob's yur uncle. A couple of points; I didn't want to cook the rubber pucks while tacking all that tubing to the dynafocal ring structure, so several small, quick tacks and wet rags to help keep them cool. Finish welding would be off the engine. The X-brace on the lower half of the mount is concaved aft to clear the oil sump and allow access to the sump screen. There is also a finger strap gusset added to the center of the X to reinforce same. Finish welding was completed off the engine and finally off the fuse. Using the same techniques on the tube clusters as the fuse, by moving around from point to point and not concentrating too much heat at any point at any one time. The gods of mutually-offsetting errors allowed the completed mount to fit back on both the engine and fuse. Finally, the firewall wrapper gusset holes were enlarged to 1/2" to accept steel bushing and plate weldments. These were welded to the firewall forming the firewall hardpoints/landing pads for the mount and accept the 3/8" mounting bolts.


 
Jul 27, 2020     Aft wing spar fittings - (15.5 hours)       Category: Wings
Was going to use the lower wings fitted to the fuselage to locate the aft spar fittings along the lower longerons. After trimming and fitting the wingwalk ply both top and bottom, I managed to fit the forward spar bolts in place. The rear spar was in such close proximity and limited access, I was unable to tack weld the bushing in place. Another plan was needed. Used the 5/16" steel rod previously used in the lower wing construction to locate the aft spar bushing parallel to the longeron and vertically the same as the forward fitting. I could then tack the bushing in place with a tab and check the fit. After fitting the lower wings to the fuse and confirming the correct position (no sweep, same angle of incidence side-to-side), the wings were removed and finish-welded the aft spar fittings to the fuselage.


 
Jun 23, 2020     Cabanes - (111.7 hours)       Category: Fuselage
Began fabricating the cabanes which effectively connects the fuselage to the upper wing center section structure. The process began by welding tabs or "ears" to the top longerons at the specified locations and the proper angles (both fore-aft and laterally). Inner and outer layers were then added which also act as finger strap gussets and were heated, formed and welded to the adjacent tube structure. The three layers were then edge welded together, bored to accept bushings which were in turn welded into the tips of each ear. Once complete, a box was built to hold the center section on top of the fuse at the specified height. Ultimately, six plumb bobs were used as well as digital and spirit levels to locate the center section in the five remaining axis' (fore-aft, lateral, pitch roll and yaw). Once located, sandbags and straps were added to hold it while strut fabrication began. Steel tube bushings were fabbed and inserted with temporary bolts to the C/S plates at the cabane attach points. Streamline tubing was fitted between the fuse "ears" and C/S attach bushings, tacked in place, removed for more complete welding, reinstalled for more fitting, tacking, removed again for more welding and repeated as necessary until complete. Once the forward cabane V's were welded, built a drilling jig to accurately drill the base of the V's to the fuse "ears". Reinforcements were welded to the forward legs and attach straps/reinforcements were added to the aft V legs. The aft cabane struts were constructed much the same with the addition of threaded inserts at the bottom to accept threaded forks which in turn attach to the aft leg base of the forward cabane V's.


 
Jun 08, 2020     Rudder pedals - (13.5 hours)       Category: Controls
Fabbed up rudder pedal bits. Used the old seat frame jig to now jig up the pedals. Once I determined the proper length, ordered pre-fabbed rudder cables with swaged end fittings from Aircraft Spruce. Fabbed a connector link to allow rear pedal adjustment fore-aft + or - 1" from center. Shamelessly copied John Hanson's rudder return spring design, adding a tab to the forward pedals and an anchor for the springs under the floorboards attached to the longerons.
Last four photos show rudder control arm attachment sequence. Rudder is positioned 30 degrees right of centerline and the right control arm is clamped to the tailpost weldment which also serves as the rudder travel limiter. The control arm is then tacked in place to the rudder spar. The rudder is then positioned 30 degrees left of centerline and the process is repeated. Once tacked in place, the rudder is removed to the bench for finish welding.


 
May 29, 2020     Elevator pushrods - (14.5 hours)       Category: Controls
Began fabricating the elevator pushrods from the aft torque tube fitting to the elevator bellcranks. Fuselage idler between the two was completed awhile back. The aft pushrod gets threaded fittings for rod end bearings at each end, the forward pushrod gets the same where it meets the torque tube, but where it meets the idler is busier. The threaded fittings slip into the tube ends which have three holes drilled for rosette welds, then in a bit of belt-and-suspenders the threaded fittings will be edge welded to the tube ends as well. The aft end of the forward tube is a round peg in a square hole problem. In order to accept two rod end bearings there it requires the square tubing. First step I drilled and welded in the bushing stock to the square tube. Next, I trimmed the outer length of the bushings, cut the tube to length and cut out wedges to allow the square tube to accept the round tube of the same dimension. I also cut four slots in the end of the round tube to allow a better fit. After tacking the two together, heated and formed the square tube "fingers" to the round and finish welded.
Elevator bellcrank arms are located by blocking the elevators together and at a 30 degree nose up (up elevator) position. Arms were then spaced apart using stacks of washers and bolted to one another. Further they were clocked on the elevator spars to a position off the horiz stab rear spar approx 1/16" and tacked. Once the up-limit was established, the elevators were relocated to approx 20 degrees down and the location for the down-limit stop was determined and welded in place.


 
May 09, 2020     Torque tube bits - (23.5 hours)       Category: Controls
Formed torque tube ends from 0.050" sheet heated, tacked and formed over 1-1/2" scrap tube. Tube retention rings cut from 0.065" sheet using hole saws in the drill press. So, I naturally assumed a 1-1/2" hole saw would produce a 1-1/2" hole in my steel sheet using the drill press. Did you notice the operative word there? Assumed. Me neither. Didn't enter the ol wheelhouse. Turns out that sweet Milwaukee 1-1/2" bimetal baby reliably makes a hole of 1.537". Who knew? A smart guy would have maybe made a test hole or two, dressed the saw teeth a bit, or maybe asked his buddy with a lathe to turn a couple of tighter-fitting rings. I did none of the above, got out the magnets and some 0.020" safety wire to space the sloppy fitting rings around the 1-1/2" torque tube (which is 1-1/2") and tacked them in place. Of course Mr. Murphy was still right there as I got them evenly spaced around the torque tube for some sloppy 0.020" gap welds. They are also parallel and 3/4" apart to accept the 3/4" UHMW bearing blocks. With all the aforementioned jacking around, I neglected to ensure they were PERPENDICULAR to the torque tube axis, which they of course are not. I now had swash plates which nicely flexed the forward bearing block every time any aileron input rotates the torque tube, not to mention excessive drag in the aileron control. Sheesh! Took a lot longer than I wished to un____ this issue. Shaved some off the bearing block, lots o selective application of brute force and the plates now minimally flex the block within +/- 30 degrees of aileron stick input. Green Warco bender makes simple work of making precise bends in thick materials. I recommend it. Especially if you can get a friend to loan you his like I did. Has interchangeable bend radius blocks which bolt in place to clamp the workpiece securely. Securely bolted to the benchtop, bending 0.090" bits like the tailpost rudder stop was a non-event.
Last picture shows a 1/4-28 steel nut welded to the aft stick support end of the torque tube. This accepts an AN4 bolt and check nut which will act as an up-elevator stop limit. The bolt will be adjusted upon assembly to contact the base of the aft cockpit stick at full aft stick. (approx. 30 degrees up elevator)


 
May 09, 2020     Aileron control arm - (6.5 hours)       Category: Controls
It took most of the day but here it is. According to the drawings and within reasonable building tolerances, it's 0.090" thick and 3.179" from the torque tube centerline to the center of the bolt hole attaching the aileron pushtube rod ends.


 
May 06, 2020     Torque tube mounts - (11.0 hours)       Category: Controls
The torque tube mounts were installed per the dimensions on the plans. The torque tube is not parallel to the longerons. it sits at a slight nose-down angle. Dunno why, maybe because the cockpit floor steps down in the forward cockpit. Also simply accepting the plans dimensions has caused issues elsewhere, but I haven't heard/read any complaints in this area so I went with them. White bearing blocks are UHMW plastic bored to accept the 1-1/2" torque tube. The mounts were quickly tacked (while jigged with mount blocks in place) to avoid putting too much heat into the assemblies. Blocks were removed for finish welding.


 
Apr 27, 2020     Vertical fin attach - (16 hours)       Category: Tail Feathers
Mounting the vertical fin to the fuselage had to be done prior to mounting the tailwheel. A 7/8" tube had been a stand-in for the vertical fin tailpost, and so all the fishmouthing and tube ends were ready to tack in place once the fin was in position. First ensuring it was square to the fuselage axes, both left-right and fore-aft was essential. Next, the leading edge of the fin is offset 1" to the left to minimize P-factor effects. Once all the locating was complete, the fin was clamped in position and tacked. Finish welding included the 1/4" tubing structure welded to the forward crosstube holding the leading edge of the fin (the dahlstrom) in the offset position. The last photo shows the post finish-welding tailpost excess bottom length prior to cutting off and welding the tailpost bottom fitment in place. That fitment is .090" 4130 steel and serves as the rudder limit stop and tailspring aft mounting location.


 
Apr 27, 2020     Horizontal stab attach - (11.5 hours)       Category: Tail Feathers
Horizontal stabilizers were attached by first locating the attachment crosstubes above the top longerons using wood blocks to determine the vertical dimension. The left and right stabs were positioned on the crosstubes, located properly from centerline and squared to the longitudinal axis of the airframe. Once all the positioning was complete, angled legs were fabricated and tacked to the crosstubes and longerons. Drilling the stabs to the crosstubes and finish welding the crosstube mounts completed the process.


 
Mar 15, 2020     Main Gear - (78.0 hours)       Category: Landing Gear
Began the main gear construction by fabricating the spring struts. These struts are under tension loads when weight is on the wheels (even more depending how firm the landing may be), but the springs themselves are under compression loads due to the design of the strut. The long end (bottom) telescopes into the upper shorter end. The longer bottom end pins to a welded washer and bushing that sits on the top of the spring and is allowed to slide on the slotted upper tube. The bottom end of the spring has an identical welded washer and bushing fixed to the upper tube and the lower tube is slotted there to allow the telescoping action. This telescoping action then loads the spring in compression when sitting on the gear. First picture shows a spring compression tool I built to assemble the struts. The springs are pre-loaded in the struts and require this to assemble. Strut ends have welded bushings and finger straps formed and welded over them to increase their tensile strength.
First order of business was to invert the fuselage on the bench and install the hard points for the fore and aft gear attach pivots. Started with the aft point which also serves as a location for the lower wing forward spar attach. Located the forward spar attach bushing and tacked it in place using a short tab welded to the longeron. More welded bits boxed it in and a finger gusset was wrapped around from top to bottom, formed to the adjacent crosstube and welded fast. Once the wrapper gusset was finish welded in place, 1/8" U-brackets were fabbed and tacked in place atop the gusset. These brackets are the aft main gear leg pivot points and so required aligning with the longeron and forward gear attach fittings yet to be installed. A 5/16" steel rod was used for the alignment process. Once the aft leg U-brackets were tacked and welded in place, the forward leg attach plates were prepped for install. Forward attach plates were spaced apart using short lengths of steel tube bolted between them. The contact points with the longerons were coped out to allow proper dimensioning of the predrilled attach bolt holes off the longerons and in alignment with the aft mounts. Also alignment with the opposite fitting across the fuselage was required. The inboard edges of these plates weld to the adjacent 7/8" crosstube, but they are spaced 1-1/8" apart, hence the lip bent in the edge of the plates to contact the crosstube for welding. Once these hardpoints were completely welded, the lower cabane V was next. Stood some scrap MDF in the forward leg weldments to locate bolt holes, then used this board as a jig to dimension and fit up the cabane. Finish-welded the lower cabane V in situ on the airframe and stress-relieved same to prevent and correct any warping or movement in the process. Once the cabane V was complete, re-inverted the fuse and installed the spring struts. Used angle iron bolted to the framework to position and hold the components in place. Welded and drilled axles were added and a pair of angle iron were drilled and pinned to the axles clamping them with the specified camber and zero toe-in. These angles were also leveled, the hardware clamping everything in place. The forward gear legs were up first. After fabricating the upper leg pivot it was made to fit the forward fuselage gear fitting. In order to fit the leg to the axle, I downloaded a coping template from metalgeek.com . This process simplified the leg fitup a lot minimizing the back-and-forth fitting prior to tacking the leg in place. The aft legs were similarly started at the pivot point to match the aft leg fitting on the fuselage. Another coping template allowed fitting the aft leg to the forward prior to tacking and welding. Upper gear leg 1/2" crosstubes were fitted to the gear legs prior to finish-welding the remainder of the legs. This helped minimize any distortion drawing the pivot points together and provides structure for later fabric covering. Lastly, two gear leg ribs were added each side, brake torque plates welded in place and axle to leg gussets were added. Fuse was righted and placed on wheels.


 
Feb 29, 2020     Fabric Class - (16.0 hours)       Category: Research
Attended a fabric covering class in Boyceville, Wisconsin in Feb before the whole COVID thing kicked off in earnest. Time well spent as far as I was concerned since I had zero experience in that department. Class focused on using the Stits Polyfiber process. We went through the Poly Fiber covering manual from front to back in the course of the two-day class. Briefings prior to the hands-on practice for each segment/phase of the process helped with understanding the concepts. On the last day, we used the spray booth, picking up tips and techniques in the spraying process as well.
Joel Timblin and his wife presented the class, provided all the materials and the PolyFiber manuals. They also provided breakfast and lunch! Yay!
They really did a nice job and importantly took the mystery out of this process for me. I'm still a beginner at this point, but now I can at least recognize the difference between a drain grommet and reinforcing ring or a rib stitch. They also explained and demonstrated, like so many other things, that while the process is very straightforward, it's the details where the difference is made between an adequate job and a show worthy finish. Attention to the details of straight edges or lines, even stitch spacing, keeping the pinked edge tips stuck down and proper sanding techniques are just a few areas where taking the time to do it carefully will really show in the final result.
Photos show fellow EAA Chapter25 member and all-around aviation enthusiast John Schmidt in the blue shirt and myself in the gooey chemistry-stained red and blue fleece snipping and sticking our way through parts of the process. Class photo in the hangar and a nice chilly morning before class looking down the runway at Boyceville.


 
Feb 09, 2020     Cockpit seat construction - (54.5 hours)       Category: Interior Finish
Sets appeared simple enough. Frames are 3/4" X 0.035" tubes with four bends at 4" radius. Packed tubes with pool filter sand (fine grained white stuff looks like hourglass sand) and plugged the ends. Previous bends on longerons and horiz stabs with this stuff went well but the 4" radius is tighter than the others. Attempts with bending blocks and Baliagh tubing bender dies either left dents or flat spots or wrinkles I wasn't happy with. As a last resort, went with a conduit bender... worked great but I'm surprised I didn't break it. Packed and plugged with sand this 4130 steel tube has got to require t least four times the force required to bend the same size conduit. Basically had to climb on top of the bender with all my weight balanced on it. Drew bend angle templates on the tabletop to match bend angles consistently but still difficult to get all four accurate enough to produce an accurately dimensioned frame with no twists. Ultimately cut the nose portions apart in the middle and re-welded together with an insert and rosettes to get the width dimensions correct. Then cut the full nose portions off and similarly re-welded in a seat jig when I discovered I had the fore-aft dimension incorrect and had a full-aft stick to seat nose interference issue. The nice thing about welding everything up in a seat jig is both seat frames are dimensionally accurate with no twists or tapers going forward from here.
Front seat was trimmed and fitted with legs into the fuse first, then seat mesh added and 1/8" rod across the top to tie the cut mesh ends together. Shamelessly copied another Hatz builder, Ed White, who modified his aft seat to include a tilt mechanism to access the area behind the pilot's seat. Two clevis pins will secure the top of the seat while two pivot points allow the seat to tilt when the pins are pulled. If tilted too far the seat nose will contact the elevator pushrod just aft of the torque tube. not good. Welded rectangular tube wedges to the angled pivot legs to limit the seat tilt. After welding in the seat mesh considered adding a crotch strap wrapped around the seat nose. Will require cutting a small section of the seat mesh out along the nose and reinforcing the mesh loose edge. On a related note, pictures of me in the seat shows my shoulders several inches above the fuselage top longerons and adjacent crosstube. Observed several other Hatz's where the shoulder harnesses installation lies across that crosstube. I think that position is too low for me even without sitting on a cushion. This is a safety issue as spinal compressive forces can develop from too low mounting positions if the harnesses are ever used in extremis. I believe the recommended reference is something like 5 degrees below to 20 or 30 degrees above; This being the angle formed from the anchor point to the top of the shoulders. Will undertake to engineer a higher shoulder harness support location.


 
Jan 24, 2020     Tailspring mount - (9.3 hours)       Category: Landing Gear
Welded 1-1/2X3/4" rect tube in place between the lower longerons per plans to hold 3/8" bolt through the forward end of the tailspring. Tailspring is replacement unit for a 7AC acft. Acft Spruce & S p/n is 06-14400. I think its a Univair part since it has their stuff on it too U3-428-3; FAA PMA: 7AC, 11AC, 7EC, 7ECA, 7GCAA, 7GCBC. 3/8 " ID bushing is welded in the center to accept aforesaid bolt. Tabs added are the mount locations for the lower horizontal stab brace wires. Bend angle was derived from measuring the scaled plans. Material was also not specified, but I used 0.090" 4130 steel plate. Decided on this after reviewing the drawings for the EAA Acrosport, WagAero Sport Cub, Steen Skybolt and Starduster plans all of which use similar tabs.
The tailpost bottom fitting and tailspring clamp similarly fails to note materials. Again, used 0.090" plate to fabricate. The clamp internal dimension is specified as 1-5/8" (or, 1.625") but the tailspring utilized is 1-1/2" wide... Slop is not something desired in this fitting. Not sure why that dimension is specified, but using a layer of rubberized baffle material scrap around the spring where the clamp meets it forms a snug fit.
Update: Quizzed my neighborly A&P/IA Chris Bobka about the fitment issues... he didn't like it. Instructed me to weld in 0.063" thick shims on both sides of the U-bracket, narrowing the gap to 1-1/2" to match the spring width. Now any lateral loads from the spring will be transferred steel on steel. Further advised to sandwich a 1/4" rubber block between the bottom of the tailpost and the top of the spring at the aft mount. Another 1/4" rubber pad was added at the forward mount similar to a Cessna 140/170 tailspring mount. The forward pad is retained by a 0.050" steel U-bracket and is compressed by landing loads on the tailwheel. The last two photos show the individual components and the assembled spring and mount.


 
Sep 29, 2019     The Ol' Joint Jigger       Category: Tools
This thing has done the heavy lifting fitting all the joints and clusters fabricating the fuselage primarily. One clamps the tube end to be fish-mouthed into the black angle-adjustment fixture and a hole saw chucked into the upper bearing of the 'Jigger which is driven by the drill press. Cutting is then accomplished by turning on the drill press and lowering the arbor as the hole saw cuts the fish mouth in the end of the tube. The majority of the required fish-mouthing is 3/4" tube fitting, so mostly a 3/4" hole saw is the only size required. This thing worked like a champ, making dozens of cuts a day producing perfect fits on other 3/4" tubes.
There's lots of techniques out there for fishmouthing tube ends each with mixed results. Large round files and rasps are needed for custom joint fitting around clusters and other fittings, but they're pretty slow to use forming the full joint fittings. For speed, an angle grinder with a flap-sanding disc grinds away tube end material like butter, but it takes a deft hand to make an accurate cut and avoid taking off too much in places. A tin snips are rumored to be effective trimming these ends. Bottom line, accurately fitting tubes takes some time and the better the fit, the better your odds of making a decent weld.
I tried to find a better hole saw than I have, but it turns out it was good enough. Thought maybe a carbide toothed or diamond crusted saw would work better, but chasing one down was taking more time than I wanted to spend (I have a 3-stop limit). So, I settled on a Milwaukee bimetal 3/4" hole saw from the big box store. It has nine teeth! What? Not kidding, couldn't find one with more teeth either. So I bought three, they're about $7 each. I'm about done now (11/22/2020) and the other two are still in their wrappers. I also mis-figured I'd go through these things like after-dinner mints, but slowed the drill press as slow as it would go, used a very slow feed rate on the arbor and copious amounts of cutting oil. So, it turns out the one saw has lasted from start to finish.


 
Sep 21, 2019     Fuselage structure - (259 hours)       Category: Fuselage
Fuselage structure began by bending lower longerons. Filled and packed with fine grain pool filter sand, plugged both ends and bent on worktable around dimensional lumber bending blocks. Templates for bend angles were drawn on the table and tubing was bent cold to match. Fuselage jig table was painted with white primer paint and fuselage side drawing was laid out in pencil. 3/4 X 3/4 X 2" blocks were screwed in place to hold tubes in place for jigging and tacking. For repeatability, the second side will utilize all the same jigging. The majority of the required fishmouthing of tube intersections were 3/4" cuts and the majority of them could be done with the 'ol Joint Jigger. Worked like a champ! Was concerned the only 3/4" hole saw (required) I could find was a bimetal Milwaukee unit with eight teeth! Was looking for something maybe carbide or something like 14-15 TPI but no luck. Anyway, completed the majority of the fuselage cuts with this one holesaw and its still working (go slow, lots o cutting fluid). After the sides were tacked together except at the tailpost, the sides needed a bend to match the aft fuselage taper. This was done by clamping and heating the longerons aft of the cockpit while lifting and blocking the end of the structure a measured amount (used the sine/cosine thing) to achieve the required taper angle. Standing up the sides, cutting and fitting all the crosstube structures presented the challenge of keeping everything not only located properly but square, plumb and level. The plywood jig "bulkheads" were inserted, screwed to the table square and safety wire with turnbuckles was tightened to the longerons diagonally across the bulkheads to hold everything square. Ultimately I used four of these bulkhead jigs. Saw the technique in the EAA Acrosport fuselage drawings. Prior to cutting off the excess length of forward longeron, I recommend the tennis ball intervention. This, after performing the no-notice punch biopsy on my own head. These will help minimize the amount and locations you leave your DNA around the project... functionally checked them multiple times after, ops checked ok. Keep a few bandaids around anyway. The tailpost presented not only the problem of getting it in square, but also once installed it would complicate rolling the fuse around on the table for other welding/fabrication duties. Some have installed a stub tailpost to which the vert fin would bolt later eliminating that problem but potentially creating more. I figured anybody could do that... so I went with a surrogate 7/8" tailpost as a stand-in for the real deal. Fishmouthed and welded the tube structure meeting at the tailpost with the exception of the welds to the tailpost proper which will come later. Used the online fishmouthing templates from metralgeek.com to get the proper shaping on the longeron ends... made a potentially nerve-wracking process just a simple deal. The rolled-up paper template can be seen next to the test-fit longeron ends picture. Big THANK YOU to the metalgeeks, sure glad there's people around like them can figure stuff like this out and make it simple enough for mouth-breathers and knuckle draggers like me to use. After more internals are fabbed and installed, will mount the vertical fin with the proper offset (1"). So on to seats, controls, landing gear and wing mount fittings.


 
Aug 07, 2019     Aileron spars - (5.0 hours)       Category: Controls
Cut up flat stock to form aileron spars. Had access to Chris Bobka's ancient 10-ft bending brake and matching shear. These things date before the Great War I think, shoulda taken pictures... It's all manual operation, built like a steam locomotive, thankfully counterweighted where it matters but you could put eight or nine of your friends on the enormous pedal of the shear.
Made six spar blanks... should only need four if I don't screw anything up. Hope they're enough.
I ordered aileron skins from an old fellow in Wisconsin who has dies for these corrugated skins and sells them. They're beautiful stuff. The plans call for the same profile corrugations in these skins as Waco Aircraft put on their ailerons. Matter of fact, I talked with the folks at Rare Aircraft who rebuild classic Wacos and he produces these skins for them as well.
Some builders have made a press to form these skins but it is challenging to get the proper profile consistently in the individual beads and keeping a uniform pitch between the individual beads adds to the entertainment. Without that, you risk fabricating the ailerons without the top and bottom skins corrugations lining up. Of course, there is an angular concern as well to ensure the skin is formed with the beads also perpendicular to the length of the skin. It looks pretty fiddly to develop a press to accomplish this without several iterations and producing lots of scrap metal. I decided to cut my losses up front and just order some up.


 
Feb 27, 2019     Tail Flippers - (108 hours)       Category: Tail Feathers
Began construction of the tail flippers by bending the trailing edges of elevators and rudder using a Tony Bingelis-designed jig. It looks like a badly-shaped toilet seat. Fabbed from the underside of a junked tabletop, it's about an inch thick Masonite that is cut into various radius' around the perimeter and a hole cut in the center to allow it to be clamped in a vise. The perimeter was routed with a 3/8" cove bit to accept the trailing edge 3/8" tubing and later re-routed to 1/2" for the vert fin leading edge. The jig allows one to choose an area of particular radius to bend the various shapes required. Drew up full size templates to lay the bent bits on to contemplate if further bending is necessary on a given part. Strap hinges fabbed up by cutting tube sections and plate on the bandsaw, heating, forming and rosette welding. Ribs for the surfaces were sheared from flat stock, bent using a benchtop brake, forming channel lengths and tapered ribs for some components. Horizontal stab leading edges are 3/4"X 0.035 4130 steel. Packed tubing with pool filter sand and plugged prior to bending cold. Fabbed bending block from dimensional lumber screwed to the benchtop. Bending block radius is slightly tighter than required to allow for spring back. You need some leverage to do this, so left the tubing long and slipped a length of 1" steel conduit over the yanking-on end of the tube and slid it as close to the bending block as I could to isolate the bend to the block area. Steel bits for bellcranks and control arms were cut on a metal cutting bandsaw. A smart guy would have downloaded the available CAD files off the interwebs and had these parts water-jetted out. Sadly, I'm not that guy. Mongo just simple pawn in game of life. Which, is how I broke my vise, hammering the bends into some of these bits. (note the "toilet seat" bender now clamped to the bench top instead of in the vise for the vert fin bending) A particular joint exists on all the control surfaces and the vertical fin, it is where the 3/4" tube meets the 3/8" or 1/2" tube of the leading or trailing edges and falls on the hinge line. Heat forming the 3/4" tube at those joints required a notch on the hinge-line side of the tube to prevent squeezing that side of the tube toward the hinge line creating an interference. The notch allowed the 3/4" tube to form around the smaller tube but not bulge toward the hinge line. Fabbed tabs to attach tail flying wires (there's four wires) a pair on either side of the vertical fin and a pair each on the top side and bottom of the horizontal stab. Nothing in the plans referencing these at all, but are required. Referenced again Acrosport, Skybolt, Starduster and Cub drawings, settled on 0.090" thickness. Drew up dimensional diagram to determine bend angles required since all three pairs are different; Labeled : Larry, Moe and Curly. Probably ok.


 
Sep 29, 2018     Aileron linkage Construction - (22.5 hours)       Category: Controls
From the torque tube to the individual lower ailerons there are a total of three pushrods, an inner and outer which are both internal to the lower wings and a short aileron pushrod that hangs below the lower wing. The system also includes an idler and a bellcrank. From the lower ailerons to the upper ailerons there is another push rod (a jury strut). Began construction of this system with the bellcranks (very important to fab a left and a right...) out of 3/4 X1-1/2 rectangular steel tube and bushing material. Powdercoating and fitup to the wing structure included rod end bearing from the outboard pushrod and inserted bronze bearings for the bolt holding the bellcrank to it's bracket. The idler as designed is a 3/4" square steel tube with more bronze bearings for the center pivot bolt. Instead of more bronze bearings, I opted to install proper bellcrank bearings (steel ball bearings) which I hope to be smoother operating and offer lower breakout forces in the system. Fiddled around with different cardboard mockups of angled idler arms in an effort to "improve" differential aileron action. Finally realized the as-designed straight idler is just fine and differential action is accomplished by "clocking" the bellcrank arm neutral point. Duh! Appropriated the now aluminum and ball bearing idler engineering from Van's RV aileron bellcrank design... Simple, strong and probably lighter than the steel/bronze idler design. Pushrods get threaded plugs welded into the ends to accept 5/16" threaded male rod ends and powdercoating. Inboard pushrods will wait until fuselage-wing mating assembly occurs to get the right dimensions to fit the aileron control arm on the cockpit torque tube. There is a potential interference issue as the inboard pushrod exits the wing and enters the fuse. With a 3/4" pushrod there is only 3/8" additional vertical clearance between the lower fuse longeron and the #1 wing compression tube. At neutral, the aileron control arm is at it's lowest point and at 30 degrees left and right, the arm bolt hole travels vertically that 3/8". Any further or misalignment will result in contact with the compression tubes. Will sort this out later. Of note, inspecting a hangar neighbors Hatz Classic, his inboard aileron pushrods are 5/8" dia steel. His is an early "kit" welded and produced by Makelan. There is no specific dimensioning of this part except to measure the diameter from the scaled drawing and the difference between 3/4 and 5/8 is about the thickness of one of the drawn lines. He had a squeak in his ailerons we were looking for at the time. Narrowed it down to those 5/8" inboard pushrods rubbing now metal on metal on the lower fuse longerons.


 
Jul 22, 2018     Lower Wings - (333.5 hours)       Category: Wings
The lower wings were begun after completing the upper wing panels. Much of the construction followed the same processes as the uppers with the exception of the inboard wing walk areas and control runs for the ailerons. Inboard spar ends were trimmed at 27 degrees to allow clearance on the fuselage sides which "belly out" from the lower longerons to the side stringers, and the lower wing dihedral contributes to this need. Also built a jig to simulate the lower fuselage longeron and it's spar attach fittings as the fuselage is not begun yet. It's an oak 2X2 with angled fittings to hold a 5/16" steel rod parallel to the oak 2X2 and at the correct height off the table. The rod (simulating the spar attach bolts) then holds the spar attach fittings in the correct location, and when the 2X2 is squared to the table the wing should also square up allowing for accurate trammeling of the wing panel. The inboard end rib is 1/4" plywood and is bonded to these angled ends of the spars, requiring the rib edges to be similarly angled. Built a sliding jig to accomplish this bevel on the bandsaw and finish up by clamping the jig to the bench and sliding a belt sander around the rib fixed to the jig. The wingwalk ply bonds to these ribs along with additional structures bonded to the #2 rib and a laminated trailing edge forming an S-bend. The wingwalk ply ends (both top and bottom) were left a bit long to allow trimming once they are mated to the fuselage with the side stringers in place.


 
Feb 14, 2018     Upper wings - (253.0 hours)       Category: Wings
This stage of the build has been underway since the beginning, but without spars assembling the wings couldn't begin. Took just about a year to receive them after my initial order (insert long, boring story here). Fortunately, there is plenty of stuff to do on the wing construction before any assembly takes place. First up was a bench big enough, flat enough and dimensionally stable enough. Dimensional lumber as one finds in the big-box lumber yards sucks in this respect. Built a 4X8 table with dimensional lumber... warped all over the place with changes in humidity. It's now a tool bench. A Legal Eagle builder web page described building a bench from engineered lumber beams with MDF top and bottoms forming a box beam. It's perfect for the job, dead flat and hell-for-stout. Got the 16 ft beams for $21 apiece and glued and screwed everything together. Two sawhorses would have sufficed, but I felt better with three.. It's all about feeling good these days. Wing assembly began with the upper wings. Ribs have been complete for quite some time. Spars have to be ripped to width and beveled top and bottom. Top wing spar inboard ends also trimmed at 1.5 degrees from square to accomodate upper wing dihedral. Doublers need to be bonded at the inboard ends and mid-span, but some ribs between the doublers need to be located onto the spars before bonding the last set since they won't slide past the doublers. Drilled the spars for fittings before bonding doublers, added the first side doubler, backdrilled through the spar after curing and then repeated the process for the doubler on the opposite side. Used the "portable drill press" for this backdrilling process after adding ribs to spars. Compression tubes drilled and installed. Drag/anti-drag wires installed and rib truss interference issues addressed. Leading and trailing edges bonded to the ribs prior to bonding previously laminated wingtip bows in place. Laser line used to comfirm the trammeling on the bench resulted in the spars aligned with center section spar. This was done prior to bonding leading edge skins in place as they become much more rigid once those skins are in place. Skins were bonded to the leading edge moulding and allowed to cure prior to flexing the skin down to bond to the spar. Clamps, sandbags and nailing strips used to hold the flexed skin in place while the epoxy cured. Inside of the leading edge coated with epoxy varnish prior to closing up with second skin. Areas to be bonded were masked on both the second skin and rib/spar areas. Three coats of epoxy varnish were applied to both completed wing panels. Almost 6 months start to finish.


 
Jan 18, 2018     Flat Jigging Bench - (14.0 hours)       Category: Tools
Shamelessly copied this bench from a Legal Eagle builders Youtube video. First bench I built I had no idea how big I was going to need putting the wings together, so I made the first one 4'X8' out of dimensional lumber from the big box store. First use was to be the Top wing Center Section. FLAT is important when putting the C/S together so there is no twist, but by the time I was ready to assemble it the dimensional lumber in the table had dried, warped and twisted so much the top was no longer flat. Nor was there any putting it back that way without way more effort than I was willing to expend on it.
Legal Eagle builder (sorry I forgot his name) claimed to have built several fuselages and had given up using dimensional lumber (2X4, 2X6, etc.) for the very reasons I mentioned above. Finally, he had hit upon the idea of using engineered lumber beams. They are dead flat and dimensionally stable.
This table is constructed of two, sixteen-foot 2X10 (9-1/2" tall) engineered joists from Menards at $21 apiece and 3 sheets of 3/4" MDF. I spaced the joists at 24" and the top MDF has a six-inch overhang on both sides making the table 3 feet wide. Wide and long enough for a fuselage and space on the sides to work/clamp as required. The Legal Eagle builder used two sawhorses to support it but I felt better with three (it's hell-for-stout and doesn't need a third, you could park a small car on this thing) because it's all about feeling good these days.
Built the center section and all the wing panels on this table and having a large enough dead flat surface goes a long way towards getting those components put together right. By the time I started the fuselage on the table it was pretty stained up from epoxy, varnish and other assorted abuses. Just sanded it back to smooth and brushed on 2 coats of white latex primer paint. Makes a fresh new top surface and layout of the fuse centerlines/longerons, etc using snapped chalk lines and pencil really made them stand out.


 
Sep 18, 2017     Laminated wingtip bows - (41.5 hours)       Category: Wings
Laminated the wingtip bows out of 1/8" strips of white ash. Each bow consists of a core of 1/8" plywood sandwiched between these approx 3/4" X 3/4" ash laminations. The wingtips form an elliptic arc around the tips from front to back, but also curve up following the half-camber of the airfoil and back down meeting the aileron tips aft of the aft spar. Thus making the tips a compound curve. Fabricated a jig out of dimensional lumber cut on the curve of the half-camber the wingtips follow. Then covered these jig "ribs" with a sheet of aluminum onto which I traced the elliptic wingtip curve and mounted cleats and clamping locations. Steamed six ash laminations at a time then bonded them into position on the jig. Each wingtip would require an upper and a lower lamination to sandwich the 1/8" plywood core, so four left laminations were required and four right. The opposite side laminations required tracing the elliptic curve on the other side of the jig and relocating the clamping locations and cleats. Once all eight laminations were complete, the jig was once again used to laminate the complete wingtip blank using a plywood core sandwiched by a respective pair of ash laminations.


 
May 26, 2017     Fuel Tank - (122.0 hours)       Category: Wings
Plans fuel tank is a welded assembly of 0.090" 5052 aluminum. Decided I could build an RV-style riveted fuel tank again, since I had made two of them before more reliably than a welded tank. Began by cutting and forming ribs over maple blocks from 0.032" 6061 aluminum. Put in four ribs vs the two in the plans, also installed stiffeners across the bottom of each rib bay a la RV design. Formed the curved top to match the airfoil shape of the top of C/S out of heavier 0.080" 6061 aluminum as the top carries the fuel tank load to the fore and aft spars and prevents/reduces any wracking of the C/S under loads. Drilled a piece of clear acrylic to the ribs and tank sides, then match-drilled the acrylic to the tank top. Pro-sealing the components together went in steps of as much as I could do in the available open time of the stuff... which by the way is reduced by increased ambient temps AND higher humidity. Sheesh!


 
Apr 11, 2017     C/S Leading Edge - (18.5 hours)       Category: Wings
Put initial coats of epoxy varnish on the C/S. Masked off areas yet to receive T-88 epoxy to bond 1/16" plywood skins. The C/S is about five feet wide, but I bought the 1/16" aircraft plywood in quarter-sheets keeping the shipping costs down. So, to make the skins to cover both the leading and trailing edges I needed to scarf two pieces together. Scarf slope is 12:1 so the 1/16" ply edge is tapered back 3/4" or more to make the slope. Once bonded, the structural joint is as strong as the plywood itself. Bonded the leading edge skins to the nose molding first and allowed it to harden overnight. Following that, the remainder is coated and the skin is flexed down over the ribs and clamped in place to bond. Seemed like a good idea at the time, but getting the ply to flex to the right shape all the way around the ribs required every clamp and sandbag/weight I could get on it in the open time available. This technique would not hack it for an eleven-foot wing section panel. Will use nailing strips for the wings.


 
Apr 10, 2017     Steam bending box - (4.5 hours)       Category: Tools
Again, shamelessly copied Ed White's design. Went to the lumberyard, bought a 4X8 sheet of 1-1/2" rigid foam insulation, ripped it into strips and glued them together with Gorilla glue to form a waterproof, insulated, long skinny box. I bought the steam bending hardware from Rockler, but this looks like the same setup as the wallpaper steamers available elsewhere for less probably. I'm guessing that's why it comes with at least 15ft of steam tube (one would need that steaming wallpaper).
Ripped up strips of wood for steaming and stickered them out so steam could get to all sides. Slip the stack into the box, taped the ends shut to try to keep most of the heat in. Angle the box slightly to allow the steam to rise through the box venting out the high side and condensate draining to the low end (this will make a mess without a bucket, uses more than a gallon in about a half-hour of use). Stabbed a meat thermometer in the high end to watch how it was working... just a few minutes and it was up to 200 degrees in there. Had forming blocks ready to go screwed to the tabletop so when it was cooked I could quickly move things to the table and clamp them in place. Lots o guidance on YouTube ref steaming times vs thickness. I used this on the Hatz to form the top wing center section trailing edge and all four wingtip bows. Contemplated bending leading edge skins but found another way.


 
Apr 10, 2017     C/S trailing edge - (64.0 hours)       Category: Wings
Built a steam bending box from a sheet of rigid foam insulation glued together with Gorilla glue. Used to form C/S curved trailing edge. Steam generator is sold by Rockler Woodworking but looks just like the wallpaper steamers available. Bolted blocks to the bench top to clamp the laminations to in the proper shape. Glued up the laminations later after they cooled and dried a week or so.


 
Mar 28, 2017     C/S Assembly - (28.0 hours)       Category: Wings
Began assembly of the center section by locating the spars on the bottom plywood by using a wing rib at each end, then clamping and bonding the spars to the ply floor. Dimensional two-by lumber was cut to size and clamped between the spars to keep everything squared up while the rest of the components were then bonded in bit by bit.


 
Mar 23, 2017     Center section - (12.5 hours)       Category: Wings
Began the top wing center section in mid-March. Started by cutting 1/4" ply to size for the bottom. Next was the spars, fore and aft, cut to size, laminated at the ends and bored on the drill press to accept the spar attach plates.


 
Mar 09, 2017     Powder Coating setup       Category: Tools
This is too much fun. First picture shows most of the setup. Cheesy, mostly plastic, gun runs on about 10-15psi shop air. Small filter at the base of the handle traps any moisture or oil. Screw-on tub at the top of the gun holds the powder (buy it by the pound online). The heart of the operation sits under the table on the left side. It's the buzz-box, provides a charge so the powder sticks to the workpiece. The gun is wired to the buzz-box to establish one polarity and a second wire with the opposite polarity and an alligator clip at the end is used to connect to the workpiece. When you want to start coating there is a small foot pedal switch. Step on it and the charge is activated through the gun and the workpiece. Don't get between the business end of the gun and the workpiece when the pedal is depressed... You will immediately know why and furthermore endeavor to actively avoid this in the future. Don't ask. Think electric fence. Once the workpiece is connected and the pedal depressed, squeeze the trigger on the "gun" and powder sort of fluffs out the end... Imagine shaking powdered sugar on donuts, which is about what you are doing. The less than dynamic activity is contained within a cardboard box which I've turned on its side, becoming a "paint booth".. Poked a wire through the top to hang small parts and conveniently connect the charge wire also making it possible to rotate them to get full coverage. Since everything is charged, the powder does "wrap around" to the back sides, but better coverage is achieved if you can shoot directly on a surface. I leave the charge pedal activated a few seconds after I've finished squirting while the dust settles in the box to minimize any of the minimal "overspray". The stuff clings to the workpiece, but if you bump into it you will leave a mark just like wet paint and it won't necessarily flow out when you heat it. Just like any painting, the surface needs to be clean. Saw a neat trick on YouTube, a guy powdercoating old motorcycle parts cleaned and sandblasted his old parts, then put them in the oven to bake for a while. After he took them out to cool, before coating, he cleaned them again to get any oils that may have leached out in the heat from nooks and crannies. Some of these welded bits were machined using cutting oil, so I did the same for them. The particular powder I'm using requires baking at 400 degrees for 20 minutes, then remove to cool. I got a sweet toaster oven from the thrift store for $5.99 which is ideal for small parts. Used metal molly wall anchors as "feet" for many of the small bits with bolt holes in them (third picture shows some of them). If you wish to mask off something or plug a hole to keep the powdercoat out/off, there is some kind of trick tape available, but I used aluminum foil... cheaper and seems ok.
Another plug for Ed White, Hatz builder in PA with a great website by the way. He found a body-shop tool on the interwebs that is an quartz infrared electric heater. Pulls 1500 watts like a hair dryer, and is used for curing body panels or something. I managed to find one on Amazon for about $150. How do they do that? Eastwood carries them too, somewhat higher, check it out. It's the long yellow thing on the roll-around chrome-like stand. This thing works like a charm for some of the longer bits like the wing compression tubes. Of course, the longer bits require a longer box (paint booth) and two aluminum lasagna pans connected together with aluminum foil form the oven. After dusting, placed the tubes in the pans, rolled the heater over the top and switched it on. Only takes a few minutes to get up to temp, then the temperature can be regulated by raising the height (its adjustable) or I suppose one could stand around and switch it off and on to do the same. Used an IR thermometer to establish temps, and about eight to ten inches off the table kept the temp where it should be. The pans sat right on a piece of plywood I use a temporary workbench, but no scorching or anything like it. The IR gets the workpiece hot enough and since its steel it gets hot throughout without turning, but the pans I think must reflect much of the IR and there isn't enough heat transferring through the pans to cook the bench.
Thinking about some bigger parts will need more sizeable oven, will explore using large halogen work lamps which put out gobs of heat (a la easy-bake oven style). May have to get on it soon before everything goes LED and can't find them.


 
Mar 09, 2017     Powdercoating steel bits - (9.5 hours)       Category: Wings
Here's the powdercoating setup. Cardboard box is the booth. Cheapo Eastwood powdercoater runs on 115VAC and 15psi air pressure. Stuff fluffs out the end of the gun statically coating the grounded object and the box contains any "overspray". Cleans up by brushing out the box. Sweet $5.99 thrift-store toaster oven heats the coated objects to 400F for 20 minutes and once cooled, they're done. I also recommend the IR thermometer to monitor the process. It's about a $20 tool you'll find all kinds of interesting uses for.


 
Feb 04, 2017     Steel bits for wings & C/S - (75.5 hours)       Category: Wings
Decided to cut out the steel bits using a metal-cutting bandsaw ordered from Northern Tool. Simpler, easier, and likely more cost-effective for someone of my advanced age and limited cyber skills than utilizing the CAD files available on HBA site and an accommodating machine shop water-jet setup... Tho many will find that situation to be just the opposite. Welding was accomplished from the beginning with a Lincoln TIG welder (Square Wave 175). As TIG (GTAW in the current vernacular) welders go, it's on the simple yet capable side of things.... Have dabbled with oxy-acetylene, and this is a big advantage; no tips to clean or change sizes, no fiddly regulator settings, no soot everywhere and best of all with the foot pedal control (or optional hand control) if you need more heat while you're underway, just step harder on the pedal. Being a rookie welder I started small and practiced a lot prior to this.. mostly non-essential ground support equipment. Some of which became garbage can inserts. I have a tuna can I throw my TIG filler rod stubs in when they get down to about 2" (Being a cheap pilot I figured at one point I could practice some more fine welding by sticking them together end-to-end.... never did get around to it.) They start out three feet long and go in the can at two inches... as I write this in Sept 2020, it's full. So that's the secret to getting better at TIG welding, there's no secret, just practice. I do recommend the EAA website hints for homebuilders, they have a number of TIG welding videos that are very helpful.


 
Sep 09, 2016     Drill Press       Category: Tools
Yeah, you need one of these. Not necessarily a floor model, but a benchtop version takes up space perpetually on the bench... and, available horizontal space comes at a premium when you're in the middle of things and just need some bench space to get something done.
This press drills straight, accurate and repeatable holes in thicker materials that the hand drills just can't do. It will also do more. Hole saws, sanding drums, fly cutters, rotary rasps and more.
A note of caution: Probably among the most benign-looking power tool in the shop. Don't kid yourself. When it's slowed to it's lowest speed (say,250 rpm) it produces it's highest torque... like enough to tow a truck. If something gets caught up in the works you can't stop it fast enough (Hopefully not one of your appendages) - remain well clear.
Similarly, at it's higher speeds other issues can develop. ALWAYS clamp the workpiece to the drill press table. Lots of options, C-clamps, vise grips, sliding cross vises, etc. Attempting to hold it by hand not recommended.. Don't. If you lose your grip it either becomes a club or a ragged, spinning saw blade. Alternatively, if it gets free it can be flung at breathtaking speeds in any of 360 anxiety-filled directions.
Outside of that, it's a very useful, versatile tool. Just give it respect.


 
Sep 09, 2016     Rib jigs - (116.5 hours)       Category: Wings
Rib production took place on two jigs. The first jig has the full-size rib drawing stuck to it and covered with clear contact paper that the T-88 structural epoxy won't stick to. Acrylic blocks are attached to capture the 1/4 X 1/4 capstrip bits in their respective places. I precut all the component capstrip and 1/16" ply gussets in quantity, storing them in plastic tackle box trays until ready for use in the jig. Once assembled into the jig, the epoxied components are clamped in place using a sort of rocker arm clamp. It's just a bit of plywood with a small "foot" glued to each end and a hole through the middle. A carraige bolt is drilled throuigh from behind the jig and the clamp slips over it, through the hole in the middle. A wing nut and washer are screwed down on the carriage bolt clamping the rocker in place and whatever is under it's foot. This way, no nails or staples are required to assemble the ribs.
The second jig is a mirror image of the first jig. It accepts the partially completed ribs from the first jig and so doesn't require any acrylic blocks to hold components in place. It utilizes the rocker arm clamps to clamp the opposite side gussets in place for epoxiing. Each side of each rib is clamped in place for 12-24 hours while the epoxy cures.
The fourth picture below shows the c/s components, ribs, spars and bottom ply. The 1/4" ply ribs were laid out using 1/4" masonite templates (white ones). First sawn using a bandsaw, jigsaw and finally a router table. The nose piece for each wing rib was produced similarly. In the fifth photo the stacks of spar doubler pieces are also stacked. These were produced using a belt sander and sanding block to taper their ends.


 
Sep 09, 2016     The project begins - (10.0 hours) Category: Wings
Began this project in September After receiving the plans and studying same. Wing ribs seemed like a suitable starting point. Have been documenting the build since on my tablet utilizing Word programs for each successive segment. Will upload/update this log as time permits.
This photo shows the rib jigs. One for the left side and one for the right, each clamping the 1/16" plywood to the truss structure with T-88 structural epoxy. "Rocker arm" clamps were used to clamp the bits in place on the jig, tackle boxes used to store pre-cut ply bits. Could produce one-half a rib per jig per day, or about one rib per day. So, something like a little over a month of days off to get them all done. Surprisingly, all the little postage-stamp ply bits added up to the equivalent of nearly an entire 4X8 sheet of 1/16" plywood to complete the full set of ribs.
 


NOTE: This information is strictly used for the EAA Builders Log project within the EAA organization.     -     Policy     -     © Copyright 2024 Brevard Web Pro, Inc.